*
 

iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry

*

Genetic diversity and forest reproductive material - from seed source selection to planting

Vladan Ivetić, Jovana Devetaković   , Marina Nonić, Dragica Stanković, Mirjana Šijačić-Nikolić

iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, Volume 9, Issue 5, Pages 801-812 (2016)
doi: https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor1577-009
Published: Jun 13, 2016 - Copyright © 2016 SISEF

Review Papers


How much of genetic diversity is desirable in mass production of forest reproductive material? How mass production of forest reproductive material reduces genetic diversity? Relation between genetic diversity and mass production of forest reproductive material is discussed in a holistic manner. In industrial forest plantations, narrow genetic diversity is desirable and reproductive material is produced at clone level. On the other hand, in conservation forestry a wide genetic diversity is imperative. Beside management goals, a desirable level of genetic diversity is related to rotation cycle and ontogeny of tree species. Risks of failure are lower in short rotations of fast growing species. In production of slow growing species, managed in long rotations, the reduction of genetic diversity increases the risk of failure due to causes unknown or unexpected at the time of planting. This risk is additionally increased in cases of seed transfer and in conditions of climate change. Every step in production of forest reproductive material, from collection to nursery production, has an effect on genetic diversity mainly by directional selection and should be considered. This review revealed no consistent decrease of genetic diversity during forest reproductive material production and planting.

  Keywords


Genetic Diversity, Forest Reproductive Material, Seed Production, Seedling Production, Directional Selection

Authors’ address

(1)
Vladan Ivetić
Jovana Devetaković
Marina Nonić
Dragica Stanković
Mirjana Šijačić-Nikolić
Faculty of Forestry University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade (Serbia)

Corresponding author

 
Jovana Devetaković
jovana.devetakovic@sfb.bg.ac.rs

Citation

Ivetić V, Devetaković J, Nonić M, Stanković D, Šijačić-Nikolić M (2016). Genetic diversity and forest reproductive material - from seed source selection to planting. iForest 9: 801-812. - doi: 10.3832/ifor1577-009

Academic Editor

Marco Borghetti

Paper history

Received: Jan 28, 2015
Accepted: Feb 09, 2016

First online: Jun 13, 2016
Publication Date: Oct 13, 2016
Publication Time: 4.17 months

Breakdown by View Type

(Waiting for server response...)

Article Usage

Total Article Views: 52069
(from publication date up to now)

Breakdown by View Type
HTML Page Views: 42336
Abstract Page Views: 3987
PDF Downloads: 4611
Citation/Reference Downloads: 61
XML Downloads: 1074

Web Metrics
Days since publication: 3101
Overall contacts: 52069
Avg. contacts per week: 117.54

Article Citations

Article citations are based on data periodically collected from the Clarivate Web of Science web site
(last update: Feb 2023)

Total number of cites (since 2016): 42
Average cites per year: 5.25

 

Publication Metrics

by Dimensions ©

Articles citing this article

List of the papers citing this article based on CrossRef Cited-by.

 
(1)
Adams WT, Campbell RK, Kitzmiller JH (1992)
Genetic considerations in reforestation. In: “Reforestation Practices in Southwestern Oregon and Northern California” (Hobbs SD, SD Tesch, PW Owston eds), Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA, pp. 284-308.
Gscholar
(2)
Adams WT, Zuo J, Shimizu JY, Tappeiner JC (1998)
Impact of alternative regeneration methods on genetic diversity in coastal Douglas-fir. Forest Science 44: 390-396.
Gscholar
(3)
Aitken SN, Yeaman S, Holliday JA, Wang T, Curtis-McLane S (2008)
Adaptation, migration or extirpation: climate change outcomes for tree populations. Evolutionary Applications 1: 95-111.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(4)
Al-Hawija BN, Wagner V, Hensen I (2014)
Genetic comparison between natural and planted populations of Pinus brutia and Cupressus sempervirens in Syria. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 38: 267-280.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(5)
Annapurna D, Rathore TS, Somashekhar PV (2005)
Impact of clones in a clonal seed orchard on the variation of seed traits, germination and seedling growth in Santalum album L. Silvae Genetica 54: 153-160.
Gscholar
(6)
Arbez M (2001)
Ecological impacts of plantation forests on biodiversity and genetic diversity. In: Proceedings of the 7th Annual EFI Conference “Ecological and socio-economic impacts of close-to-nature forestry and plantation forestry: a comparative analysis” (Green T ed). Lisbon (Portugal), Sep 2000. European Forest Institute, Joensuu, Finland, pp. 7-20.
Gscholar
(7)
Bila AD (2000)
Fertility variation and its effects on gene diversity in forest tree populations. Ph.D. Thesis. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae, Silvestria 166, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea, Sweden, pp. 31.
Gscholar
(8)
Bilir N, Kang KS, Ozturk H (2002)
Fertility variation and gene diversity in clonal seed orchards of Pinus brutia, Pinus nigra and Pinus sylvestris in Turkey. Silvae Genetica 51: 112-115.
Gscholar
(9)
Bilir N, Kang KS, Zang D, Lindgren D (2004)
Fertility variation and status number between a base population and a seed orchard of Pinus brutia Ten. Silvae Genetica 53: 161-163.
Gscholar
(10)
Bishir J, Roberds JH (1999)
The numbers of clones needed for managing risks in clonal forestry. Forest Genetics 6 (3): 149-155.
Gscholar
(11)
Booy G, Hendriks RJJ, Smulders MJM, Van Groenendael JM, Vosman B (2000)
Genetic diversity and the survival of populations. Plant Biology 2 (4): 379-395.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(12)
Borovics A, Cseke K, Molnár T (2012)
Genetic consequences of utilization artificial populations in forestry. In: Proceedings of the Conference “Seed Orchards and Breeding Theory”. Antalya (Turkey) 21-25 May 2012. Forestry Faculty of Suleyman Demirel University and International Union Forest Research Organization (IUFRO), Isparta, Turkey, pp. 67-71.
Gscholar
(13)
Boyle TJB, Cossalter C, Griffin AR (1997)
Genetic resources for plantation forestry. In: “Management of soil, nutrients and water in tropical plantation forests” (Sadanandan Nambiar EK, Brown Alan G eds). ACIAR, Canberra, Australia, pp. 25-63.
Gscholar
(14)
Bunnell FL, Kremsater LL (2012)
Actions to promote climate resilience in forests of British Columbia. Journal of Ecosystems and Management 13 (2): 1-10.
Gscholar
(15)
Burgarella C, Navascués M, Soto A, Lora A, Fici S (2007)
Narrow genetic base in forest restoration with holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) in Sicily. Annals of Forest Science 64 (7): 757-763.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(16)
Caliskan S (2014)
Germination and seedling growth of holm oak (Quercus ilex L.): effects of provenance, temperature, and radicle pruning. iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 7 (2): 103-109.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(17)
Campbell RK, Sorensen FC (1984)
Genetic implications of nursery practices. In: “Forest Nursery Manual: Production of Bareroot Seedlings” (Duryea ML, Landis TD eds). Martinus Nijhoff/ Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague/Boston/Lancaster, pp. 183-191.
Gscholar
(18)
Carles S, Lamhamedi MS, Beaulieu J, Stowe DC, Colas F, Margolis HA (2009)
Genetic variation in seed size and germination patterns and their effect on white spruce seedling characteristics. Silvae Genetica 58 (4): 152-161.
Gscholar
(19)
Carnus JM, Parrotta J, Brockerhoff E, Arbez M, Jactel H, Kremer A, Lamb D, O’Hara K, Walters B (2006)
Planted forests and biodiversity. Journal of Forestry 104: 65-77.
Online | Gscholar
(20)
Chaisurisri K, Edwards DGW, El-Kassaby YA (1992)
Genetic control of seed size and germination in Sitka spruce. Silvae Genetica 41: 348-355.
Gscholar
(21)
Chaisurisri K, Edwards DGW, El-Kassaby YA (1994)
Effects of seed size on seedling attributes in Sitka spruce. New Forests 8: 81-87.
Gscholar
(22)
Chaisurisri K, El-Kassaby YA (1994)
Genetic diversity in a seed production population vs. natural populations of Sitka Spruce. Biodiversity and Conservation 3 (6): 512-523.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(23)
Cicek E, Tilki F (2007)
Seed size effects on germination, survival and seedling growth of Castanea sativa Mill. Journal of Biological Sciences 7: 438-441.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(24)
Davidson RH, Edwards DGW, Sziklai O, El-Kassaby YA (1996)
Genetic variation in germination parameters among populations of pacific Silver fir. Silvae Genetica 45 (2-3): 165-171.
Gscholar
(25)
Devetaković J, Šiljačić-Nikolić M, Ivetić V (2013)
Variability of morphometric characteristics of one-year seedlings of different half-sib European White Elm (Ulmus effusa Wild.) from the Great War Island. Biologica Nyssana 4 (1-2): 87-92.
Gscholar
(26)
Edwards DGW, El-Kassaby YA (1996)
The biology and management of coniferous forest seed: genetic perspectives. The Forestry Chronicle 72 (5): 481-484.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(27)
El-Kassaby YA, Fashler AMK, Crown M (1989)
Variation in fruitfulness in a Douglas-fir seed orchard and its effect on crop management decisions. Silvae Genetica 38 (01): 113-121.
Gscholar
(28)
El-Kassaby YA (1992)
Domestication and genetic diversity: should we be concerned? The Forestry Chronicle 68 (6): 687-700.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(29)
El-Kassaby YA, Chaisurisri K, Edwards DGW, Taylor DW (1993)
Genetic control of germination parameters of Douglas-fir, Sitka spruce, western redcedar, and yellow-cedar and its impact on container nursery production. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium of IUFRO Project Group P2.04-00 (Seed problems) “Dormancy and barriers to germination”. Victoria (British Columbia, Canada) 23-26 Apr 1991. Victoria, BC, Canada, pp. 37-42.
Gscholar
(30)
El-Kassaby YA (1995)
Evaluation of the tree-improvement delivery system: factors affecting genetic potential. Tree Physiology 15 (7-8): 545-550.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(31)
El-Kassaby YA, Ritland K (1996)
Impact of selection and breeding on the genetic diversity in Douglas-fir. Biodiversity and Conservation 5 (6): 795-813.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(32)
Ertekin M (2010)
Clone fertility and genetic diversity in a Black pine seed orchard. Silvae Genetica 59 (4): 145-150.
Gscholar
(33)
Fageria MS, Rajora OP (2014)
Effects of silvicultural practices on genetic diversity and population structure of white spruce in Saskatchewan. Tree Genetics and Genomes 10 (2): 287-296.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(34)
Farmer RE (1997)
Seed ecophysiology of temperate and boreal zone forest trees. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach, FL, USA, pp. 272.
Gscholar
(35)
Farwig N, Braun C, Boöhning-Gaese K (2008)
Human disturbance reduces genetic diversity of an endangered tropical tree, Prunus africana (Rosaceae). Conservation Genetics 9: 317-326.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(36)
Finkeldey R, Ziehe M (2004)
Genetic implications of silvicultural regimes. Forest Ecology and Management 197: 231-244.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(37)
Franklin EC (1971)
Franklin EC (1971) Pollen management in southern seed orchards. In: Proceedings of the “11th Southern Forestry Tree Improvement Conference”. Atlanta (GA, USA) Jun 1971. The North Carolina State University, Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program, Raleigh, NC, USA, pp. 218-223.
Gscholar
(38)
Funda T, Lstiburek M, Klápšte J, El-Kassaby YA (2012)
Optimization of genetic gain and diversity in seed orchard crops considering variation in seed germination, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 27 (8): 787-793.
Gscholar
(39)
Gauli A, Gailing O, Stefenon VM, Finkeldey R (2009)
Genetic similiarity of natural populations and plantations of Pinus roxburghii Sarg. in Nepal. Annals of Forest Science 66 (7): 703-703.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(40)
Godt MJW, Hamrick JL, Burke MA, Williams JH (2001)
Comparisons of genetic diversity in white spruce (Picea glauca) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) seed orchards with natural populations. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31 (6): 943-949.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(41)
González-Rodríguez V, Villar R, Navarro-Cerrillo RM (2011)
Maternal influences on seed mass effect and initial seedling growth in four Quercus species. Acta Oecologica 37 (1): 1-9.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(42)
Gray LK, Hamann A (2011)
Strategies for reforestation under uncertain future climates: guidelines for Alberta, Canada. PLoS ONE 6 (8): e22977.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(43)
Griffin AR (2014)
Clones or improved seedlings of Eucalyptus? Not a simple choice. International Forestry Review 16 (2): 216-224.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(44)
Grossnickle SC, Folk RS (2007)
Field performance potential of a somatic interior spruce seedlot. New Forests 34 (1): 51-72.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(45)
Habel JC, Schmitt T (2012)
The burden of genetic diversity. Biological Conservation 147: 270-274.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(46)
Hansen OK, Kjaer ED (2006)
Paternity analysis with microsatellites in a Danish Abies nordmanniana clonal seed orchard reveals dysfunctions. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36 (4): 1054-1058.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(47)
Hawley GJ, Schaberg PG, DeHayes DH, Brissette JC (2005)
Silviculture alters the genetic structure of an eastern hemlock forest in Maine, USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35: 143-150.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(48)
Hodge GR, White TL (1993)
Advanced-generation wind-pollination seed orchard design. New Forests 7: 213-236.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(49)
Hufford K, Mazer SJ (2003)
Plant ecotypes: genetic differentiation in the age of ecological restoration. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18: 147-155.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(50)
FSC (2012)
Strategic review on the future of forest plantation. A12-06869, INDUFOR, Helsinki, Finland, pp. 121.
Gscholar
(51)
Isajev V, Ivetić V, Lučić A, Rakonjac Lj (2009)
Gene pool conservation and tree improvement in Serbia. Genetika 41 (3): 309 -327.
Gscholar
(52)
Ivetić V, Isajev V, Šijačić-Nikolić M (2005)
Results of fourtheen year’s old Norway spruce provenance test in Serbia. In: Proceedings of the Symposium “Forest and Sustainable Development”. Brasov (Romania) Sep 2005. Editura Universitatii Transilvania, Brasov, Romania, pp. 65-71.
Gscholar
(53)
Ivetić V, Isajev V, Perović M, Novaković M (2009)
Izbor provenijencija i transfer semena crnog jasena na osnovu ekoloških karakteristika [Selection of provenances and seed transfer of manna ash based on ecological characteristics]. Šumarstvo LXI (1-2): 143-154. [in Serbian]
Gscholar
(54)
Ivetić V, Isajev V, Nikolić A, Krstić M, Ristić D, Kostadinović M (2012)
Delineation of beech provenance regions in Serbia by spatial analysis of genetic diversity. Genetika 44 (1): 101-108.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(55)
Ivetić V, Škorić M (2013)
The impact of seeds provenance and nursery production method on Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) seedlings quality. Annals of Forest Research 56 (2): 297-305.
Gscholar
(56)
Jacobs DF, Woeste KE, Wilson BC, McKenna JR (2006)
Stock quality of black walnut (Juglans nigra) seedlings as affected by half-sib seed source and nursery sowing density. Acta Horticulturae 705: 375-381.
Gscholar
(57)
Jayawickrama KJS, McKeand SE, Jett JB (1998)
Phenological variation in height and diameter growth in provenances and families of loblolly pine. New Forests 16 (1): 11-25.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(58)
Johnson R, Lipow S (2002)
Compatibility of breeding for increased wood production and long term sustainability: the genetic variation of seed orchard seed and associated risks. In: Proceedings of the “Wood compatibility initiative Workshop, No. 18” (Johnson A, Haynes R, Monserud R eds). Stevenson (OR, USA) 4-7 Dec 2001. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-563, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Portand, OR, USA, pp. 169-179.
Online | Gscholar
(59)
Johnson G, Sorensen FC, St Clair JB, Cronn RC (2004)
Pacific northwest forest tree seed zones: a template for native plants?. Native Plants Journal 5 (2): 131-140.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(60)
Jurásek A, Leugner J, Martincová J (2009)
Effect of initial height of seedlings on the growth of planting material of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L. ] Karst.) in mountain conditions. Journal of Forest Science 55: 112-118.
Gscholar
(61)
Kang KS, Harju AM, Lindgren D, Nikkanen T, Almkvist C, Suh GU (2001)
Variation in effective number of clones in seed orchards. New Forests 21: 17-33.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(62)
Kang KS, Bila AD, Harju AM, Lindgren D (2003)
Estimation of fertility variation in forest tree populations. Forestry 76: 329-344.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(63)
Kang KS, L-Kassaby E YA, Chung MS, Kim CS, Kang YJ, Kang BS (2005)
Fertility variation and effective number in a clonal seed orchard of Cryptomeria japonica. Silvae Genetica 54: 104-107.
Gscholar
(64)
Kelty MJ (2006)
The role of species mixtures in plantation forestry. Forest Ecology and Management 233: 195-204.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(65)
King JN, Dancik BP, Dhir NK (1984)
Genetic structure and mating system of white spruce Picea glauca in a seed production area. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 14(5): 639-643.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(66)
Kitzmiller JH (1990)
Managing genetic diversity in a tree improvement program. Forest Ecology and Management 35: 131-149.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(67)
Konnert M, Hosius B (2010)
Contribution of forest genetics for a sustainable forest management. Forstarchiv 4: 170-174.
Gscholar
(68)
Konnert M, Ruetz W (2003)
Influence of nursery practices on the genetic structure of beech Fagus sylvatica L. seedling populations. Forest Ecology and Management 184 (1/3): 193-200.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(69)
Konnert M, Ruetz WF (2006)
Genetic aspects of artificial regeneration of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in Bavaria. European Journal of Forest Research 125: 261-270.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(70)
Kosinska J, Lewandowski A, Chalupka W (2007)
Genetic variability of Scots pine maternal populations and their progenies. Silva Fennica 41 (1): 5-12.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(71)
Koski V (1980)
Minimivaatimukset männyn siemenviljelyksille Suomessa [Minimum requirements for seed orchards of Scots Pine in Finland]. Silva Fennica 14: 136-149. [in Finnish]
CrossRef | Gscholar
(72)
Koski V (2000)
A note on genetic diversity in natural populations and cultivated stands of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. Investigacion Agraria, Sistemas y Recursos Forestales (Fuera de Serie 1): 89-95.
Gscholar
(73)
Krakowski K, Stoehr M (2009)
Coastal Douglas-fir provenance variation: patterns and predictions for British Columbia seed transfer. Annals of Forest Science 66 (8): 811-811.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(74)
Kremer D (2007)
How well can existing forests withstand climate change? In: “Climate change and forest genetic diversity: Implications for sustainable forest management in Europe” (Koskela J, Buck A, Teissier du Cros E eds). Biodiversity International, Rome, Italy, pp. 43-52.
Gscholar
(75)
Kulková L (2007)
Effective population size estimation of a Larix decidua L. seed orchard. Lesn. Cas. Forestry Journal 53 (1): 25-32.
Gscholar
(76)
Kuser JE, Ching KK (1981)
Provenance variation in seed weight, cotyledon number, and growth rate of western hemlock seedlings. Forest Science 26: 463-470.
Gscholar
(77)
Lai BS, Funda T, Liewlaksaneeyanawin C, Klápšte J, Van Niejenhuis A, Cook C, Stoehr MU, Woods J, El-Kassaby YA (2010)
Pollination dynamics in a Douglas-fir seed orchard as revealed by pedigree reconstruction. Annals of Forest Science 67 (8): 808.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(78)
Larjavaara M (2008)
A review on benefits and disadvantages of tree diversity. The Open Forest Science Journal 1: 24-26.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(79)
Larsen AB (1996)
Genetic structure of populations of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Denmark. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 11 (3): 220-232.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(80)
Leonardi S, Menozzi P (1995)
Genetic variability of Fagus sylvatica L. in Italy: the role of postglacial recolonization. Heredity 75: 35-44.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(81)
Li W, Wang X, Li Y (2011)
Stability in and correlation between factors influencing genetic quality of seed lots in seed orchard of Pinus tabuliformis Carr. over a 12-year span. PLoS ONE 6(8): e23544.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(82)
Libby WJ (1982)
What is a safe number of clones per plantation? In: “Resistance to diseases and pests in forest trees” (Heybroek HM, Stephen BR, von Weissenberg K eds). Purdoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 342-360.
Gscholar
(83)
Libby WJ, Ahuja JR (1993)
Clonal forestry. In: “Clonal Forestry II: Conservation and Application” (Ahuja JR, Libby WJ E eds), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, vol. 2, pp. 1-8.
Gscholar
(84)
Lindenmayer D, Hobbs R, Salt D (2003)
Plantation forests and biodiversity conservation. Australian Forestry 66: 62-66.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(85)
Lindgren D (1974)
Breeding theory and progeny testing. In: Proceedings of the IUFRO Joint Meeting of Working Parties on Population and Ecological Genetics “Aspects of Suitable Number of Clones in a Seed Orchard”. The Royal College of Forestry, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 293-305.
Gscholar
(86)
Lindgren D, Matheson AC (1986)
An algorithm for increasing the genetic quality of seed from seed orchards by using the better clones in higher proportions. Silvae Genetica 35: 173-177.
Gscholar
(87)
Lindgren D, Prescher F (2005)
Optimal clone number for seed orchards with tested clones. Silvae Genetica 54: 80-92.
Gscholar
(88)
Lindgren D, Danusevicius D, Rosvall O (2009)
Unequal deployment of clones to seed orchards by considering genetic gain, relatedness and gene diversity. Forestry 82 (1): 17-28.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(89)
Loha A, Tigabu M, Teketay D, Lundkvist K, Fries A (2006)
Provenance variation in seed morphometric traits, germination, and seedling growth of Cordia africana Lam. New Forests 32 (1): 71-86.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(90)
Lyngdoh N, Joshi G, Ravikanth G, Vasudeva R, Shaanker RU (2013)
Changes in genetic diversity parameters in unimproved and improved populations of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) in Karnataka state, India. Journal of Genetics 92 (1): 141-145.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(91)
Macdonald SE, Thomas BR, Cherniawsky DM, Purdy BG (2001)
Managing genetic resources of lodgepole pine in west-central Alberta: patterns of isozyme variation in natural populations and effects of forest management. Forest Ecology and Management 152: 45-58.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(92)
Machanska J, Bajcar V, Longauer R, Gömöry D (2013)
Effective population size estimation in seed orchards: a case study of Pinus nigra Arn. and Fraxinus excelsior L. / F. angustifolia Vahl. Genetika 45 (2): 575-588.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(93)
Mason WL, Connolly T (2013)
Mixtures with spruce species can be more productive than monocultures: evidence from the Gisburn experiment in Britain. Forestry 87 (2): 209-217.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(94)
Mataruga M, Daničić V, Cvjetković B (2010)
Teorijske osnove značaja sprov odenja genetskih melioracija u funkciji uredenja sjemenskih sastojina [Theoretical basis of the importance of the implementation of genetic melioration in the function of seed stand management]. Šumarstvo 62 (3-4): 101-110. [in Serbian]
Gscholar
(95)
Mataruga M, Isajev V, Orlović S (2013)
Šumski genetički resursi [Forest genetic resources]. University book, Faculty of Forestry, University in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, pp. 399. [in Serbian]
Gscholar
(96)
Mathew J, Vasudeva R (2005)
Variation of seedling vigour among half-sib families of teak (Tectona grandis). Journal of Tropical Forest Science 17 (1): 170-172.
Gscholar
(97)
McClaren EL, Krasowki MJ, Hawkins CDB (1994)
Summer plant culling criteria of interior spruce: keeping the bad and throwing the good? In: Proceedings of the Meeting “Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations” (Landis TD, Dumroese RK eds). Williamsburg (VA, USA) 11-14 Jul 1994. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-257, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA, pp. 116-129.
Gscholar
(98)
McKeand S, Mullin T J, Byram T, White T (2003)
Deployment of genetically-improved loblolly and slash pines in the south. Journal of Forestry 101 (3): 32-37.
Gscholar
(99)
Medri C, Ruas PM, Higa AR, Murakami M, De Fatima Raus C (2003)
Effects of forest management on the genetic diversity in a population of Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze. Silvae Genetica 52: 202-205.
Gscholar
(100)
Melzack RN, Watts D (1982)
Variations in seed weight, germination, and seedling vigour in the yew (Taxus baccata L.) in England. Journal of Biogeography 9 (1): 55-63.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(101)
Mugnaini S, Nepi M, Cresti L, Piotto B, Pacini E (2004)
Artificially induced male competition to produce seeds for bioremediation purposes. In: Proceedings of the IUFRO S3.02.00 Meeting “Nursery production and stand establishment of broadleaves to promote sustainable forest management” (Ciccarese L ed). Rome (Italy) 7-10 May 2001. APAT, Rome, Italy, pp. 97-100.
Gscholar
(102)
Muhs HJ (1993)
Policies, regulations, and laws affecting clonal forestry. In: “Clonal forestry. Vol. 2. Conservation and application” (Ahuja MR, Libby WJ eds). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 215-227.
Gscholar
(103)
Muona O, Harju A (1989)
Effective population sizes, mating system and genetic variability in Scots pine natural populations and seed orchards. Silvae Genetica 38: 221-228.
Gscholar
(104)
Muona O, Yazdani R, Rudin D (1987)
Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seeldings. Silvae Genetica 35: 39-42.
Gscholar
(105)
Namroud M, Bousquet J, Doerksen T, Beaulieu J (2012)
Scanning SNPs from a large set of expressed genes to assess the impact of artificial selection on the undomesticated genetic diversity of white spruce. Evolutionary Applications 5 (6): 641-656.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(106)
Nei M (1973)
Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations. PNAS 70: 3321-3323.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(107)
Nicodemus A, Varghese M, Nagarajan B, Lindgren D (2009)
Annual fertility variation in clonal seed orchards of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) and its impact on seed crop. Silvae Genetica 58 (1-2): 85-93.
Gscholar
(108)
Nielsen UB, Hansen OK (2012)
Genetic worth and diversity across 18 years in a Nordmann fir clonal seed orchard. Annals of Forest Science 69 (1): 69-80.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(109)
Nikkanen T, Ruotsalainen S (2000)
Variation in flowering abundance and its impact on the genetic diversity of the seed crop in a Norway spruce seed orchard. Silva Fennica 34 (3): 205-222.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(110)
Nikles DG (1992)
Influence of developments in breeding, propagation, molecular markers, gene transfer and other new technologies on genetic improvement strategies for forest trees in commercial plantation projects. In: Proceedings of the IUFRO Meeting “Mass Production Technology for Genetically Improved Fast Growing Forest Tree Species”. AFOCEL (Bordeaux, France) 14-18 Sep 1992. Association Foret-Cellulose, Paris, France, pp. 137-150.
Gscholar
(111)
OECD (2013a)
OECD guidelines on the production of forest reproductive materials. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Trade and Agriculture Directorate, Paris, France, pp. 24.
Gscholar
(112)
OECD (2013b)
Rules and regulations of the OECD forest seed and plant scheme. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Trade and Agriculture Directorate, Paris, France, pp. 24.
Gscholar
(113)
Pacalaj M, Gömöry D, Longauer R (2011)
Modelling the effects of natural and artificial regeneration on genetic structure. 1. Pure spruce stand. Lesn. Cas. Forestry Journal 57 (2): 96-112.
Gscholar
(114)
Pandey M, Gailing O, Leinemann L, Finkeldey R (2004)
Molecular markers provide evidence for long-distance planting material transfer during plantation establishment of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. in Nepal. Annals of Forest Science 61: 603-606.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(115)
Paule L, Gömöry D, Vyšný J (1995)
Genetic diversity and differentiation of beech populations in eastern Europe. In: “Genetic and Silviculture of Beech” (Madsen SF ed). Forskningserien 11, Forskningscentret for Skov & Landskab, Denmark, pp. 159-167.
Gscholar
(116)
Rajora OP (1999)
Genetic biodiversity impacts of silvicultural practices and phenotypic selection in white spruce. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 99 (6): 954-961.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(117)
Rajora OP, Pluhar SA (2003)
Genetic diversity impacts of forest fires, forest harvesting, and alternative reforestation practices in black spruce (Picea mariana). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 106: 1203-1212.
Gscholar
(118)
Rawat K, Bakshi M (2011)
Provenance variation in cone, seed and seedling characteristics in natural populations of Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks (blue pine) in India. Annals of Forest Research 54 (1): 39-55.
Gscholar
(119)
Rietveld WJ, Sambeek JW (1989)
Relating black walnut planting stock to field performance. In: Proceedings of the “7th Central Hardwood Forest Conference” (Rink G, Budelsky CA eds). Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-132, North Central Forest Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service, St. Paul, MN, USA, pp. 162-169.
Gscholar
(120)
Roberds JH, Bishir J (1997)
Risk analysis in clonal forestry. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27: 425-432.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(121)
Savolainen O, Bokma F, Knürr T, Kärkkäinen K, Pyhäjärvi T, Wachowiak W (2007)
Adaptation of forest trees to climate change. In: “Climate change and forest genetic diversity: Implications for sustainable forest management in Europe” (Koskela J, Buck A, Teissier du Cros E eds). Bioversity International, Rome, Italy, pp. 19-30.
Gscholar
(122)
Schaberg PG, Hawley GJ, DeHayes DH, Nijensohn SE (2004)
Silvicultural management and the manipulation of rare alleles. In: “Silviculture and the conservation of genetic resources for sustainable forest management” (Beaulieu J ed). Report LAU-X-128, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada, pp. 67-74.
Online | Gscholar
(123)
Schaberg PG, Dehayes DH, Hawley GJ, Nijensohn SE (2008)
Anthropogenic alterations of genetic diversity within three populations: implications for forest ecosystem resilience. Forest Ecology and Management 256 (5): 855-862.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(124)
Schmidt LH (2000)
Guide to handling of tropical and subtropical forest seed. Danida Forest Seed Centre, Krogerupvej-21, Denmark, pp. 532.
Gscholar
(125)
Schmidtling RC, Sluder E (1995)
Genecology and seed transfer in longleaf pine. In: Proceedings of the “23rd Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference”. Asheville (NC, USA) 20-22 Jun 1995. Southern Forest Tree Improvement Committee, Raleigh, NC, USA, pp. 78-85.
Gscholar
(126)
Schmidtling RC, Myszewski JH (2004)
Effect of large-scale movement of loblolly pine seed on genetiv integrity of the species in its natural range. In: “Silviculture and the conservation of genetic resources for sustainable forest management” (Beaulieu J ed). Report LAU-X-128, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada, pp. 43-48.
Online | Gscholar
(127)
Šijačić-Nikolić M, Ivetić V, Knežević R, Milovanović J (2007)
Analiza svojstava semena i klijavaca različitih provenijencija brdske bukve [Analysis of seed and seedling traits of different provenances of beech]. Acta biologica iugoslavica - serija G: Acta herbologica 16 (1): 15-27. [in Serbian]
Gscholar
(128)
Singh O, Sofi AH (2011)
Clone variation of seed traits, germination and seedling growth in Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. clonal seed orchard. Annals of Forest Research 54 (2): 139-149.
Gscholar
(129)
Sivakumar V, Gurudevsingh B, Anandalakshmi R, Warrier RR, Sekaran S, Tigabu M, Odén PC (2011)
Culling phenotypically inferior trees in seed production area enhances seed and seedling quality of Acacia auriculiformis. Journal of Forestry Research 22 (1): 21-26.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(130)
Skrøppa T (1994)
Impacts of tree improvement on genetic structure and diversity of planted forests. Silva Fennica 28: 265-274.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(131)
Skrøppa T, Kohmann K (1997)
Adaptation to local conditions after one generation in Norway spruce. Forest Genetics 4: 171-177.
Gscholar
(132)
Skrøppa T, Tollefsrud MM, Sperisen C, Johnsen O (2010)
Rapid change in adaptive performance from one generation to the next in Picea abies - Central European trees in a Nordic environment. Tree Genetics and Genomes 6: 93-99.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(133)
St Clair JB, Adams WT (1993)
Family composition of Douglas-fir nursery stock as influenced by seed characters, mortality, and culling practices. New Forests 7: 319-329.
Gscholar
(134)
St Clair JB, Howe GT (2007)
Genetic maladaptation of coastal Douglas-fir seedlings to future climates. Global Change Biology 13: 1441-1454.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(135)
St Clair JB, Howe GT (2011)
Strategies for conserving forest genetic resources in the face of climate change. Turkish Journal of Botany 35: 403-409.
Gscholar
(136)
Stihl EG, Persson B (1991)
Provenance variation in early growth and development of Picea mariana (Mill) B.S.P. Studia Forestalia Suecica 187: 17.
Gscholar
(137)
Stoehr M, Webber J, Woods J (2004)
Protocol for rating seed orchard seedlots in British Columbia: quantifying genetic gain and diversity. Forestry 77 (4): 297-303.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(138)
Stoehr MU, El-Kassaby YA (1997)
Levels of genetic diversity at different stages of the domestication cycle of interior spruce in British Columbia. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 94: 83-90.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(139)
Sweet GB (1995)
Seed orchards in development. Tree Physiology 15: 527-530.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(140)
Thomas BR, Macdonald SE, Hicks M, Adams DL, Hodgetts RB (1999)
Effects of reforestation methods on genetic diversity of lodgepole pine: an assessment using microsatellite and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98: 793-801.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(141)
Thomas E, Jalonen R, Loo J, Boshier D, Gallo L, Cavers S, Bordács S, Smith P, Bozzano M (2014)
Genetic considerations in ecosystem restoration using native tree species. Forest Ecology and Management 333: 66-75.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(142)
Thomsen KA, Kjaer ED (2002)
Variation between single tree progenies of Fagus sylvatica in seed traits, and its implications for effective population numbers. Silvae Genetica 51 (5-6): 183-190.
Gscholar
(143)
Thomson JR, Schultz RC (1995)
Root system morphology of Quercus rubra L. planting stock and 3-year field performance in lowa. New Forests 9: 225-236.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(144)
Varelides C, Brofas G, Varelides Y (2001)
Provenance variation in Pinus nigra at three sites in Northern Greece. Annals of Forest Science 58 (8): 893-900.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(145)
Williams MI, Dumroese RK (2013)
Preparing for climate change: forestry and assisted migration. Journal of Forestry 111 (4): 287-297.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(146)
Woeste KE, Jacobs DF, McKenna JR (2011)
Half-sib seed source and nursery sowing density affect black walnut (Juglans nigra) growth after five years. New Forests 41: 235-245.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(147)
Wright S (1931)
Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics 16: 0097-0159.
Gscholar
(148)
Wu HXM, Yeh FC (1997)
Genetic effect on biomass partition and breeding for tree architecture in Pinus contorta spp. latifolia from central Alberta. Forest Genetics 4: 123-131.
Gscholar
(149)
Yanchuk AD (2001)
A quantitative framework for breeding and conservation of forest tree genetic resources in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31: 566-576.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(150)
Yanchuk AD, Bishir J, Russell JH, Polsson KR (2006)
Variation in volume production through clonal deployment: results from a simulation model to minimize risk for both a currently known and unknown future pest. Silvae Genetica 55 (1): 25-37.
Gscholar
 

This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. More info