*
 

iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry

*

The soil-conscious forestry and the forbidden apple

Augusto Zanella (1)   , Nicolas Bernier (2), Roberto Zampedri (3), Silvia Fusaro (4), Giacomo Mei (5), Jean André (6), Jean-François Ponge (2), Raffaello Giannini (7)

iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, Volume 17, Issue 4, Pages 252-268 (2024)
doi: https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor4584-017
Published: Aug 16, 2024 - Copyright © 2024 SISEF

Review Papers


In this article, we propose a silvicultural approach that takes soil health into account. Using a biblical metaphor, the first chapter highlights the forest’s critical role in the planet’s future, emphasizing that forest biodiversity is essential for sustaining a planet inhabited by complex life forms like humans. The second chapter focuses to the soil, explaining how the biological dynamics of the soil are interconnected with the forest cycle, demonstrating that vegetation and soil form a continuous, co-evolving system. The third chapter explores the possibility of extending the forest cycle to restore soil functionality, illustrating how the recycling of the forest’s biological past facilitates the emergence of a new, evolving soil-vegetation system. Examples of forest management practices in France, Italy, and Switzerland are presented, including graphs and mathematical models depicting the evolution of organic carbon in the soil and the distribution of tree stems by diameter, age, and stature. The description of uneven-aged Swiss forests, featuring fir and beech, is sourced from the Helvetica Pro-Silva website.

  Keywords


Anthropocene, Adam and Eve, Forest Soil, Humus, Soil-conscious Forestry, Envers Forest, Forest Dynamic, Old-growth Forest

Authors’ address

(1)
Augusto Zanella 0000-0001-7066-779x
Dipartimento TESAF, Università degli Studi di Padova (Italy)
(2)
Nicolas Bernier 0000-0001-7340-8646
Jean-François Ponge 0000-0001-6504-5267
Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (France)
(3)
Roberto Zampedri 0000-0002-6042-5866
Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Trento (Italy)
(4)
Silvia Fusaro 0000-0001-8966-8485
Dipartimento DAFNAE, Università degli Studi di Padova (Italy)
(5)
Giacomo Mei 0000-0002-5576-1929
Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano (Italy)
(6)
Jean André
Université Savoie-Mont-Blanc, Chambéry (France)
(7)
Raffaello Giannini 0000-0001-7029-7944
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Forestali, Università di Firenze (Italy)

Corresponding author

 
Augusto Zanella
augusto.zanella@unipd.it

Citation

Zanella A, Bernier N, Zampedri R, Fusaro S, Mei G, André J, Ponge J-F, Giannini R (2024). The soil-conscious forestry and the forbidden apple. iForest 17: 252-268. - doi: 10.3832/ifor4584-017

Academic Editor

Marco Borghetti

Paper history

Received: Feb 07, 2024
Accepted: Jun 11, 2024

First online: Aug 16, 2024
Publication Date: Aug 31, 2024
Publication Time: 2.20 months

Breakdown by View Type

(Waiting for server response...)

Article Usage

Total Article Views: 1811
(from publication date up to now)

Breakdown by View Type
HTML Page Views: 969
Abstract Page Views: 538
PDF Downloads: 282
Citation/Reference Downloads: 1
XML Downloads: 21

Web Metrics
Days since publication: 32
Overall contacts: 1811
Avg. contacts per week: 396.16

Article Citations

Article citations are based on data periodically collected from the Clarivate Web of Science web site
(last update: Feb 2023)

(No citations were found up to date. Please come back later)


 

Publication Metrics

by Dimensions ©

Articles citing this article

List of the papers citing this article based on CrossRef Cited-by.

 
(1)
Achat DL, Fortin M, Landmann G, Ringeval B, Augusto L (2015)
Forest soil carbon is threatened by intensive biomass harvesting. Scientific Reports 5: 15991-15991.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(2)
Adamic M, Diaci J, Rozman A, Hladnik D (2016)
Long-term use of uneven-aged silviculture in mixed mountain Dinaric forests: a comparison of old-growth and managed stands. Forestry 2 (3-4): 423.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(3)
Almond REA, Grooten M, Juffe Bignoli D, Petersen T (2022)
Living Planet Report 2022 - Building a nature-positive society. World Wildlife Fund and Zoological Society of London, London, UK, pp. 34-35.
Online | Gscholar
(4)
André J (2005)
Activité et diversité des organismes hétérotrophes: les clés du bouclage des cycles biogéochimiques et sylvigénétiques [Activity and diversity of heterotrophic organisms: the keys to the completion of biogeochemical and sylvigenetic cycles]. In: “Bois mort et à cavités. Une clé pour des forêts vivantes” (Vallauri D, André J, Dodelin B, Eynard-Machet R, Rambaud D eds). Lavoisier, Paris, France, pp. 89-98. [in French]
Gscholar
(5)
Aszalós R, Thom D, Aakala T, Angelstam P, Brumelis G, Gálhidy L, Gratzer G, Hlásny T, Katzensteiner K, Kovács B, Knoke T, Larrieu L, Motta R, Müller J, Odor P, Roenbergar D, Paillet Y, Pitar D, Standovár T, Svoboda M, Szwagrzyk J, Toscani P, Keeton WS (2022)
Natural disturbance regimes as a guide for sustainable forest management in Europe. Ecological Applications 32 (5): e2596.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(6)
Avitabile V, Baldoni E, Baruth B, Bausano G, Boysen-Urban K, Caldeira C, Camia A, Cazzaniga N, Ceccherini G, De Laurentiis V, Doerner H, Giuntoli J, Gras M, Guillen Garcia J, Gurria P, Hassegawa M, Jasinevičius G, Jonsson R, Konrad C, Kupschus S, La Notte A, Barek R, Mannini A, Migliavacca M, Mubareka S, Patani S, Pilli R, Rebours C, Ronchetti G, Ronzon T, Rougieux P, Sala S, Sánchez López J, Sanye Mengual E, Sinkko T, Sturm V, Van Leeuwen M, Verkerk PJ, Virtanen J, Winker HGZ (2023)
Biomass production, supply, uses and flows in the European Union. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium, pp. 202..
CrossRef | Gscholar
(7)
Bahram M, Hildebrand F, Forslund SK, Anderson JL, Soudzilovskaia NA, Bodegom PM, Bengtsson-Palme J, Anslan S, Coelho LP, Harend H, Huerta-Cepas J, Medema MH, Maltz MR, Mundra S, Olsson PA, Pent M, Põlme S, Sunagawa S, Ryberg M, Tedersoo L, Bork P (2018)
Structure and function of the global topsoil microbiome. Nature 560 (7717): 233-237.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(8)
Baldrian P (2016)
Forest microbiome: diversity, complexity and dynamics. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 201: fuw040.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(9)
Banerjee S, Van Der Heijden MGA (2023)
Soil microbiomes and one health. Nature Reviews Microbiology 21: 6-20.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(10)
Barois I (1992)
Mucus production and microbial activity in the gut of two species of Amynthas (Megascolecidae) from cold and warm tropical climates. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24 (12): 1507-1510.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(11)
Barois I, Villemin G, Lavelle P, Toutain F (1993)
Transformation of the soil structure through Pontoscolex corethrurus (Oligochaeta). intestinal tract. Geoderma 56: 57-66.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(12)
Bastida F, García C, Fierer N, Eldridge DJ, Bowker MA, Abades S, Alfaro FD, Asefaw Berhe A, Cutler NA, Gallardo A, García-Velázquez L, Hart SC, Hayes PE, Hernández T, Hseu ZY, Jehmlich N, Kirchmair M, Lambers H, Neuhauser S, Peña-Ramírez VM, Pérez CA, Reed SC, Santos F, Siebe C, Sullivan BW, Trivedi P, Vera A, Williams MA, Luis Moreno J, Delgado-Baquerizo M (2019)
Global ecological predictors of the soil priming effect. Nature Communications 10 (1): 423.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(13)
Bausano G, Masiero M, Migliavacca M, Pettenella D, Rougieux P (2023)
Food, biofuels or cosmetics? Land-use, deforestation and CO2 emissions embodied in the palm oil consumption of four European countries: a biophysical accounting approach. Agricultural and Food Economics 11: 35-35.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(14)
Bernier N (1997)
Fonctionnement biologique des humus et dynamique des pessières alpines. Le cas de la forêt de Macot-la-Plagne (Savoie) [Biological functioning of humus and dynamics of alpine spruce forests. The case of the Macot-la-Plagne forest (Savoie)]. Ecologie 28: 23-44. [in French]
Gscholar
(15)
Bernier N (1998)
Earthworm feeding activity and development of the humus profile. Biology and Fertility of Soils 26: 215-223.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(16)
Bernier N, Ponge JF (1994)
Humus form dynamics during the sylvogenetic cycle in a mountain spruce forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26: 183-220.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(17)
Berretti R, Lingua E, Motta R, Piussi P (2004)
Classificazione strutturale dei popolamenti forestali nella Riserva forestale integrale della Valbona a Paneveggio (TN) [Structural classification of forest stands in the Valbona integral forest reserve in Paneveggio (TN)]. L’Italia Forestale e Montana 59: 98-118. [in Italian]
Gscholar
(18)
Bramble DSE, Ulrich S, Schöning I, Mikutta R, Brandt L, Poll C, Kandeler E, Mikutta C, Konrad A, Siemens J, Yang Y, Polle A, Schall P, Ammer C, Kaiser K, Schrumpf M (2023)
Formation of mineral-associated organic matter in temperate soils is primarily controlled by mineral type and modified by land use and management intensity. Global Change Biology 30 (1): 71.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(19)
Brown RW, Jones DL (2023)
Plasticity of microbial substrate carbon use efficiency in response to changes in plant carbon input and soil organic matter status. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 188: 109230.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(20)
Brunet M, Beauvilain A, Coppens Y, Heintz E, Moutaye AHE, Pilbeam D (1995)
The first australopithecine 2.500 kilometres west of the Rift Valley (Chad). Nature 378: 273-275.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(21)
Brunet M, Guy F, Pilbeam D, Mackaye HT, Likius A, Ahounta D, Beauvilain A, Blondel C, Bocherens H, Boisserie J-R, Bonis LD, Coppens Y, Dejax J, Denys C, Duringer P, Eisenmann V, Fanone G, Fronty P, Geraads D, Lehmann T, Lihoreau F, Louchart A, Mahamat A, Merceron G, Mouchelin G, Otero O, Campomanes PP, Leon MPD, Jean-Claude Rage Sapanet M, Schuster M, Sudre J, Tassy P, Valentin X, Vignaud P, Viriot L, Zazzo A, Zollikofer C (2002)
A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa. Nature 418: 145-151.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(22)
Cappelli M (1987)
Selvicoltura generale [General silviculture]. Edagricole, Bologna, Italy, pp. 300. [in Italian]
Gscholar
(23)
Charru M, Seynave I, Hervé J-C, Bertrand R, Bontemps J-D (2017)
Recent growth changes in Western European forests are driven by climate warming and structured across tree species climatic habitats. Annals of Forest Science 74 (2): 4.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(24)
Ciancio O (2010)
La teoria della selvicoltura sistemica, le “sterili disquisizioni” e il sonnambulismo dell’intellighenzia forestale [The theory of systemic silviculture, the “sterile disquisitions” and the sleepwalking of the forestry intelligentsia]. Italian Academy of Forest Sciences, Firenze, Italy, pp. 789-794. [in Italian]
Gscholar
(25)
Ciancio O (2014)
Storia del pensiero forestale. Selvicoltura, filosofia, etica [History of forestry thought. Forestry, philosophy, ethics]. Rubettino Ed., Soveria Mannelli, CZ, Italy, pp. 556. [in Italian]
Gscholar
(26)
Ciancio O, Nocentini S (1997)
The forest and man: the evolution of forestry thought from modern humanism to the culture of complexity. Systemic silviculture and management on natural bases. In: “The Forest and Man”. Accademia Italiana di Scienze Forestali, Florence, Italy, pp. 23-114. [in Italian]
Gscholar
(27)
Ciancio O, Iovino F, Nocentini S (1994)
La teoria del bosco normale [The theory of the normal forest]. L’italia Forestale e Montana 49: 446-462.
Gscholar
(28)
Darwin CMA (1859)
On the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. John Murray, Albemarle Street, London, UK.
Gscholar
(29)
Del Favero R (2004)
I boschi delle regioni alpine italiane. Tipologia, funzionamento, selvicoltura [The forests of the Italian Alpine regions. Typology, functioning, silviculture]. CLEUP, Padova, Italy. [in Italian]
Gscholar
(30)
Del Favero R (2010)
I boschi delle regioni dell’Italia centrale. Tipologia, funzionamento, selvicoltura [The forests of the regions of central Italy. Typology, functioning, silviculture]. Scienze agrarie Ed., CLEUP, Padova, Italy, pp. 426. [in Italian]
Gscholar
(31)
Del Favero R (2013)
I boschi delle regioni alpine italiane. Tipologia, funzionamento, selvicoltura [The forests of the Italian Alpine regions. Typology, functioning, silviculture] (2nd edn). Scienze forestali Ed., CLEUP, Padova, Italy, pp. 400. [in Italian]
Gscholar
(32)
Del Favero R (2018)
I boschi delle regioni meridionali e insulari d’Italia. Tipologia, funzionamento, selvicoltura [The forests of the southern and insular regions of Italy. Typology, functioning, silviculture]. CLEUP, Padova, Italy, pp. 472. [in Italian]
Gscholar
(33)
Del Favero R, Lasen C (1993)
La vegetazione forestale del Veneto [Forest vegetation of Veneto]. Libreria Progetto, Padova, Italy, pp. 313. [in Italian]
Gscholar
(34)
Della Rocca F, Stefanelli S, Pasquaretta C, Campanaro A, Bogliani G (2014)
Effect of deadwood management on saproxylic beetle richness in the floodplain forests of northern Italy: some measures for deadwood sustainable use. Journal of Insect Conservation 18: 121-136.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(35)
Dellagiacoma F, Motta R (1996)
Ricerche sull’ecologia della pecceta subalpina nella foresta di Paneveggio [Research on the ecology of the subalpine spruce forest in the Paneveggio forest]. Dendronatura 17 (1): 77-86 17: 77-86. [in Italian]
Gscholar
(36)
Delpech R, Dumé G, Galmiche F, Timbal J (1985)
Typologie des stations forestières - vocabulaire [Typology of forest stations - vocabulary]. Institut pour le Développement forestier, Ministère de l’agriculture et des forêts, Direction des forêts, Paris, France, pp. 244. [in French]
Gscholar
(37)
Ette J-S, Sallmannshofer M, Geburek T (2023)
Assessing forest biodiversity: a novel index to consider ecosystem, species, and genetic diversity. Forests 14: 709.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(38)
FAO/UNEP (2020)
The state of the world’s forests 2020. Forest, biodiversity and people. Food and Agriculture Organization - FAO, Rome, Italy, pp. 190.
Gscholar
(39)
FAO (2019)
Flying Rivers - how forests affect water availability downwind and not just downstream. Forest and Water Programme News, FAO, Rome, Italy, web site.
Online | Gscholar
(40)
FAO (2020)
Global forest resources assessment 2020: main report. FAO, Rome, Italy, pp. 14.
Gscholar
(41)
FAO (2022)
Global forest sector outlook 2050: assessing future demand and sources of timber for a sustainable economy - Background paper for the state of the world’s forests 2022. FAO Forestry Working Paper no. 31, FAO, Rome, Italy, pp. 118.
Gscholar
(42)
Feller C, Boulaine J (1987)
La réapparition du mot humus au XVIIe siècle et sa signification agronomique [The reappearance of the word humus in the 17th century and its agronomic meaning]. Revue Forestière Française 39: 487-495. [in French]
CrossRef | Gscholar
(43)
Ferrante L, Getirana A, Baccaro FB, Schöngart J, Leonel ACM, Gaiga R, Garey MV, Fearnside PM (2023)
Effects of Amazonian flying rivers on frog biodiversity and populations in the Atlantic rainforest. Conservation Biology 37 (3): 153.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(44)
Fontaine S, Mariotti A, Abbadie L (2003)
The priming effect of organic matter: a question of microbial competition? Soil Biology and Biochemistry 35: 837-843.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(45)
Gensac P (1990)
Régénération en altitude de l’épicéa (Picea abies (L). Karst.) sur les souches dans les Alpes françaises High altitude regeneration of spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) on stumps in the French Alps. Annales des Sciences Forestières 47: 173-182. [in French]
CrossRef | Gscholar
(46)
Graefe U (2007)
Gibt es in Deutschland die Humusform Amphi? [[Is there a humus form called Amphi in Germany?]. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft 110: 459-460. [in German]
Gscholar
(47)
Guhra T, Stolze K, Schweizer S, Totsche KU (2020)
Earthworm mucus contributes to the formation of organo-mineral associations in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 145: 107785-107785.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(48)
Hardersen S, Zapponi L (2018)
Wood degradation and the role of saproxylic insects for lignoforms. Applied Soil Ecology 123: 334-338.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(49)
Hartmann F, Marcuzzi G (1970)
Diagnosi degli humus forestali su basi biomorfologiche [Diagnosis of forest humus on biomorphological bases]. CEDAM, Padova, Italy, pp. 284. [in Italian]
Gscholar
(50)
Hilbert J, Wiensczyk A (2007)
Old-growth definitions and management: a literature review. BC Journal of Ecosystems and Management 8: 15-31.
Gscholar
(51)
Hooper DU, Chapin FS, Ewel JJ, Hector A, Inchausti P, Lavorel S, Lawton JH, Lodge DM, Loreau M, Naeem S, Schmid B, Setälä H, Symstad AJ, Vandermeer J, Wardle DA (2005)
Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge. Ecological Monographs 75: 3-35.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(52)
Hu M, Lehtonen A, Minunno F, Mäkelä A (2020)
Age effect on tree structure and biomass allocation in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). and Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.). Annals of Forest Science 77: 90-90.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(53)
Ingvarsson E (2023)
Soil carbon stocks in old-growth forests. Drivers of variability in soil organic carbon stocks in old growth boreal forests. Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Sweden, pp. 1-18.
Gscholar
(54)
Jabiol B, Zanella A, Englisch M, Hager H, Katzensteiner K, De Waal R (2004)
Towards a European classification of forest humus forms. In: Proceedings of the “Eurosoil Congress 2004”. Freiburg (Germany) 4-12 Sept 2004. Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany, pp. 10.
Gscholar
(55)
Jeewani PH, Gunina A, Tao L, Zhu Z, Kuzyakov Y, Van Zwieten L, Guggenberger G, Shen C, Yu G, Singh BP, Pan S, Luo Y, Xu J (2020)
Rusty sink of rhizodeposits and associated keystone microbiomes. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 147: 107840.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(56)
Jernigan A, Kao-Kniffin J, Pethybridge S, Wickings K (2022)
Soil microarthropod effects on plant growth and development. Plant and Soil 483 (1-2): 27-45.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(57)
Jonard M, Nicolas M, Coomes DA, Caignet I, Saenger A, Ponette Q (2017)
Forest soils in France are sequestering substantial amounts of carbon. Science of the Total Environment 574: 616-628.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(58)
Jose S (2009)
Agroforestry for ecosystem services and environmental benefits: an overview. Agroforestry Systems 76: 1-10.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(59)
Klepac D (1978)
Pianificazione e governo delle abetine disetanee e dei rovereti della Croazia [Planning and management of uneven-aged fir and oak forests in Croatia]. Corsi di Cultura in Ecologia 1976-1977, Padova, Italy, pp. 59. [in Italian]
Gscholar
(60)
Kooch Y, Dolat Zarei F (2023)
Soil function indicators below shrublands with different species composition. Catena 227: 107111.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(61)
Kuzyakov Y (2010)
Priming effects: Interactions between living and dead organic matter. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42: 1363-1371.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(62)
Lachat T, Brang P, Bolliger M, Bollmann K, Brändli U-B, Bütler R, Herrmann S, Schneider O, Wermelinger B (2014)
Bois mort en forêt. Formation, importance et conservation [Dead wood in forests. Formation, importance and conservation. Swiss Federal Institute for Scientific Research]. Institut fédéral de recherches - WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland, pp. 12. [in French]
Gscholar
(63)
Lambertini M (2022)
Living planet report 2022. Wildlife populations plummet by 69%, Director General, WWF International, web site.
Online | Gscholar
(64)
Lavelle P, Blanchart E, Martin A, Martin S, Spain A (1993)
A hierarchical model for decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems: application to soils of the humid tropics. Biotropica 25: 130-150.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(65)
Lavelle P (2002)
Functional domains in soils. Ecological Research 17: 441-450.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(66)
Lavelle P (2009)
Ecology and the challenge of a multifunctional use of soil. Pesquisa Agropecuària Brasileira 44: 803-810.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(67)
Leckie S, Vellend M, Bell G, Waterway MJ, Lechowicz MJ (2000)
The seed bank in an old-growth, temperate deciduous forest. Canadian Journal of Botany 78: 181-192.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(68)
Leibundgut H (1943)
Uber Waldbau auf naturgesetzliche Grundlage [About forestry based on natural laws]. In: “Beiheft zu den Zeitschriften des Schweizerischen Forstvereins”, vol. 21. SLUB, Zürich, Switzerland, pp. 141-155. [in German]
Gscholar
(69)
Li J, Zhou M, Alaei S, Bengtson P (2020)
Rhizosphere priming effects differ between Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine seedlings cultivated under two levels of light intensity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 145 (6): 107788.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(70)
Lowenfels J (2022)
Teaming with bacteria. The organic gardener’s guide to endophytic bacteria and the rhizophagy cycle. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, OR, USA, pp. 172.
Gscholar
(71)
Lugato E, Bampa F, Panagos P, Montanarella L, Jones A (2014)
Potential carbon sequestration of European arable soils estimated by modelling a comprehensive set of management practices. Global Change Biology 20: 3557-3567.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(72)
Luyssaert S, Schulze ED, Börner A, Knohl A, Hessenmöller D, Law BE, Ciais P, Grace J (2008)
Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks. Nature 455: 213-215.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(73)
Maghnia FZ, Abbas Y, Mahé F, Prin Y, El Ghachtouli N, Duponnois R, Sanguin H (2019)
The rhizosphere microbiome: a key component of sustainable cork oak forests in trouble. Forest Ecology and Management 434 (7): 29-39.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(74)
Mairota P, Manetti MC, Amorini E, Pelleri F, Terradura M, Frattegiani M, Savini P, Grohmann F, Mori P, Terzuolo PG, Piussi P (2016)
Opportunities for coppice management at the landscape level: the Italian experience. iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 9: 775-782.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(75)
Makarieva AM, Gorshkov VG (2010)
The biotic pump: condensation, atmospheric dynamics and climate. International Journal of Water. 5(4): 365.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(76)
Margulis L, Sagan D, Eldredge N (2000)
What is life? University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA, USA, pp. 288.
Gscholar
(77)
Martinez Del Castillo E, Zang CS, Buras A, Hacket-Pain A, Esper J, Serrano-Notivoli R, Hartl C, Weigel R, Klesse S, Resco De Dios V, Scharnweber T, Dorado-Liñán I, Van Der Maaten-Theunissen M, Van Der Maaten E, Jump A, Mikac S, Banzragch B-E, Beck W, Cavin L, Claessens H, Cada V, Cufar K, Dulamsuren C, Gričar J, Gil-Pelegrín E, Janda P, Kazimirovic M, Kreyling J, Latte N, Leuschner C, Longares LA, Menzel A, Merela M, Motta R, Muffler L, Nola P, Petritan AM, Petritan IC, Prislan P, Rubio-Cuadrado A, Rydval M, Stajić B, Svoboda M, Toromani E, Trotsiuk V, Wilmking M, Zlatanov T, De Luis M (2022)
Climate-change-driven growth decline of European beech forests. Communications Biology 5: 163-163.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(78)
Maturana HR, Varela FJ (1980)
Autopoiesis and cognition. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 146.
Gscholar
(79)
Mei G, Pesaresi S, Corti G, Cocco S, Colpi C, Taffetani F (2020)
Changes in vascular plant species composition, top-soil and seed-bank along coppice rotation in an Ostrya carpinifolia forest. Plant Biosystems 154: 259-268.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(80)
Mencuccini M, Piussi P, Sulli A (1995)
30 years of seed production in a subalpine Norway Spruce forest. Patterns of temporal and spatial variation. Forest Ecology and Management 76: 109-125.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(81)
Montanarella L, Panagos P (2021)
The relevance of sustainable soil management within the European Green Deal. Land Use Policy 100 (4): 104950.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(82)
Motta R (2020)
Why do we have to increase deadwood in our forests? How much deadwood does the forest need? Forest@ - Rivista di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale 17: 92-100. [in Italian with English abstract]
CrossRef | Gscholar
(83)
Motta R, Larsen JB (2022)
A new paradigm for sustainable forest management: closeR to nature forest management. Forest@ - Rivista di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale 19: 52-62. [in Italian with English abstract]
CrossRef | Gscholar
(84)
Motta R, Berretti R, Castagneri D, Lingua E, Nola P, Vacchiano G (2010)
Stand and coarse woody debris dynamics in subalpine Norway spruce forests withdrawn from regular management. Annals of Forest Science 67 (8): 803.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(85)
Motta R, Brang P, Frehner M, Ott E (1994)
Copertura muscinale e rinnovazione di abete rosso (Picea abies L.). nella pecceta subalpina di Sedrum (Grigioni, Svizzera) [Moss cover and regeneration of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) in the subalpine Sedrum spruce forest (Graubünden, Switzerland)]. Monti e Boschi 3: 49-56. [in Italian]
Gscholar
(86)
Motta R, Nola P, Piussi P (1999)
Structure and stand development in three subalpine Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.). Karst.). stands in Paneveggio (Trento, Italy). Global Ecology and Biodiversity 8: 455-473.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(87)
Motta R, Nola P, Piussi P (2002)
Long-term investigations in a strict forest reserve in the eastern Italian Alps: spatio-temporal origin and development in two multi-layered subalpine stands. Journal of Ecology 90: 495-507.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(88)
Müller J, Bütler R (2010)
A review of habitat thresholds for dead wood: a baseline for management recommendations in European forests. European Journal of Forest Research 129: 981-992.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(89)
Nocentini S, Ciancio O, Portoghesi L, Corona P (2021)
Historical roots and the evolving science of forest management under a systemic perspective. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 51: 163-171.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(90)
Notarangelo M, Carrer M, Lingua E, Puletti N, Torresan C (2023)
Performance assessment of two plotless sampling methods for density estimation applied to some Alpine forests of northeastern Italy. iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 16: 385-391.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(91)
Pearce F (2020)
Weather makers. Science 368 (6497): 1302-1305.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(92)
Pesendorfer MB, Bogdziewicz M, Szymkowiak J, Borowski Z, Kantorowicz W, Espelta JM, Fernández-Martínez M (2020)
Investigating the relationship between climate, stand age, and temporal trends in masting behavior of European forest trees. Global Change Biology 26: 1654-1667.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(93)
Pignatti G (2011)
Forest vegetation in view of some scenarios of climate change in Italy. Forest@ - Rivista di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale 8: 1-12. [in Italian with English abstract]
CrossRef | Gscholar
(94)
Piussi P, Alberti G (2015)
Selvicoltura generale. Boschi, società e tecniche colturali [Silviculture. Forests, societies, and coltural techniques]. Compagnia delle Foreste, Arezzo, Italy, pp. 432. [in Italian]
Gscholar
(95)
Porter TM, Smenderovac E, Morris D, Venier L (2023)
All boreal forest successional stages needed to maintain the full suite of soil biodiversity, community composition, and function following wildfire. Scientific Reports 13: 7978-7978.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(96)
Potapov P, Hansen MC, Laestadius L, Turubanova S, Yaroshenko A, Thies C, Smith W, Zhuravleva I, Komarova A, Minnemeyer S, Esipova E (2017)
The last frontiers of wilderness: tracking loss of intact forest landscapes from 2000 to 2013. Science Advances 3 (1): 891.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(97)
Potapov P, Zhuravleva I, Yaroshenko A, Evan T, Turubanova S, Thies C, Laestadius L, Stolle F, Aksenov D, Kobaykov K, Esipova E, Glushkov I, Phien S, Silverman J, Danilova I, Egorov A, Fedorov V, Kiselev R, Komarova A, Kostikova A, Manisha A, Margono B, Musin B, Murchie A, Purekhovsky A, Tsybikova E, Vladimirova E, Hajek F, Tetuka B, Turunen O, Yumakaev A, Braslavskaya T, Isaev A, Sadownichik T, Smirnova O, Yanitskaya T (2020)
World’s intact forest landscapes, 2000-2020. The IFL Mapping Team, web site.
Online | Gscholar
(98)
Pro Silva Helvetica (2016)
Portrait de la forêt jardinée “Tscheppa Verda”, commune de S-chanf / GR. [Portrait of the “Tscheppa Verda” gardened forest, commune of S-chanf / GR]. Amt fur Wald und Naturgehfaren, Pro Silva Helvetica, Zuoz, Switzerland, pp. 19. [in French]
Online | Gscholar
(99)
Pro Silva Helvetica (2021)
Portrait de la foret jardinee de l’Envers à Couvet / NE. Harmonie durable entre utiliteés et beauteé [Portrait of the Envers gardened forest in Couvet / NE. Sustainable harmony between utilities and beauty]. Pro Silva Helvetica, Boudry, Switzerland, pp. 16. [in French]
Online | Gscholar
(100)
Provincia Autonoma di Trento (2016)
Linee tecniche per la pianificazione forestale aziendale [Technical lines for forest planning]. Servizio foreste e fauna, Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy, pp. 135. - [in Italian]
Online | Gscholar
(101)
Radmanović S, Nikolić N, Dordević A (2018)
Humic acids optical properties of Rendzina soils in diverse environmental conditions of Serbia. Archives for Technical Sciences 1: 63-70.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(102)
Rodriguez A, Perestelo F, Carnicero A, Regalado V, Perez R, De la Fuente G, Falcon MA (1996)
Degradation of natural lignins and lignocellulosic substrates by soil-inhabiting fungi imperfecti. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 21: 213-219.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(103)
Réseau Ecologique Forestier Rhône-Alpes (2016)
Refora, parutions, carbone forestiers en movement [Refora, publications, forest carbon in motion]. Réseau Ecologique Forestier Rhône-Alpes, Chambéry, France, web site. [in French]
Online | Gscholar
(104)
Saint-André L, Augusto L, Cecillon L, Derrien D (2020)
Forest management and soil organic carbon. EU Green Week, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium, pp. 1-10.
Gscholar
(105)
Savilaakso S, Johansson A, Häkkilä M, Uusitalo A, Sandgren T, Mönkkönen M, Puttonen P (2021)
What are the effects of even-aged and uneven-aged forest management on boreal forest biodiversity in Fennoscandia and European Russia? A systematic review. Environmental Evidence 10: 1-1.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(106)
Schütz J-P, Saniga M, Diaci J, Vrška T (2016)
Comparing close-to-naturesilviculture with processes in pristine forests: lessons from Central Europe. Annals of Forest Science 73 (4): 911-921.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(107)
Seidel D, Böttger FA (2023)
How biomass and other tree architectural characteristics relate to the structural complexity of a beech-pine forest. iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 16: 368-376.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(108)
Silva DC, Oliveira HFM, Zangrandi PL, Domingos FMCB (2022)
Flying over Amazonian waters: the role of rivers on the distribution and endemism patterns of neotropical bats. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 10: 223.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(109)
Sofo A, Zanella A, Ponge J (2021)
Soil quality and fertility in sustainable agriculture, with a contribution to the biological classification of agricultural soils. Soil Use and Management 38 (2): 1085-1112.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(110)
Springer K, Manning P, Boesing AL, Ammer C, Fiore-Donno AM, Fischer M, Goldmann K, Le Provost G, Overmann J, Ruess L, Schöning I, Siebold S, Sikorski J, Neyret M (2024)
Old, deciduous stands support both high biodiversity and carbon storage in German forests. bioRxiv [preprint].
CrossRef | Gscholar
(111)
Stephenson NL, Das AJ, Condit R, Russo SE, Baker PJ, Beckman NG, Coomes DA, Lines ER, Morris WK, Rüger N, Alvarez E, Blundo C, Bunyavejchewin S, Chuyong G, Davies SJ, Duque A, Ewango CN, Flores O, Franklin JF, Grau HR, Hao Z, Harmon ME, Hubbell SP, Kenfack D, Lin Y, Makana JR, Malizia A, Malizia LR, Pabst RJ, Pongpattananurak N, Su SH, Sun IF, Tan S, Thomas D, Van Mantgem PJ, Wang X, Wiser SK, Zavala MA (2014)
Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size. Nature 507: 90-93.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(112)
Susmel L (1980)
Normalizzazione delle foreste Alpine: basi ecosistemiche, equilibrio, modelli colturali, produttività: con applicazione alle foreste del Trentino [Normalization of Alpine forests: ecosystem bases, balance, cultivation models, productivity: with application to the forests of Trentino]. Liviana, Padua, Italy, pp. 437. [in Italian]
Gscholar
(113)
Susmel L (1955)
Riordinamento su basi bioecologiche delle abetine di S. Vito di Cadore [Reorganization on bioecological bases of the fir stands of S. Vito di Cadore]. Publication no. 9, Forestry Experimental Station, Florence, Italy, pp. 157. [in Italian]
Gscholar
(114)
Susmel L (1956)
Leggi di variazione dei parametri della foresta disetanea normale [Laws of variation of the parameters of the normal uneven-aged forest]. L’Italia Forestale e Montana 9 (3): 105-116.
Gscholar
(115)
Suzuki M, Umeki K, Orman O, Shibata M, Tanaka H, Iida S, Nakashizuka T, Masaki T (2019)
When and why do trees begin to decrease their resource allocation to apical growth? The importance of the reproductive onset. Oecologia 191: 39-49.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(116)
Szewczyk J, Szwagrzyk J (1996)
Tree regeneration on rotten wood and on soil in old-growth stand. Vegetatio 122: 37-46.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(117)
Tatti D, Fatton V, Sartori L, Gobat J-M, Le Bayon R-C (2018)
What does “lignoform” really mean? Applied Soil Ecology 123: 632-645.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(118)
Thomasius H (1996)
Geschichte, Theorie und Praxis des Dauerwaldes [History, theory and practice of permanent forest]. In: Lecture at the 1996 Annual Meeting of the State Forestry Association of Saxony-Anhalt. Garitz, (Dessau, Germany), May 14, 1996. [in German]
Gscholar
(119)
Tian T, Reverdy A, She Q, Sun B, Chai Y (2020)
The role of rhizodeposits in shaping rhizomicrobiome. Environmental Microbiology Reports 12: 160-172.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(120)
UPF-BZ (2010)
Tipologie forestali dell’Alto Adige - Volume 1: tipi forestali, regioni forestali, chiave dei tipi forestali [Forest typologies of Alto Adige - Volume 1: forest types, forest regions, key to forest types]. Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano-Alto Adige, Ripartizione per le foreste, Ufficio Pianificazione forestale, Bolzano, Italy, pp. 312. [in Italian]
Gscholar
(121)
Uroz S, Buée M, Deveau A, Mieszkin S, Martin F (2016)
Ecology of the forest microbiome: highlights of temperate and boreal ecosystems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 103 (13): 471-488.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(122)
Villarino SH, Pinto P, Jackson RB, Piñeiro G (2021)
Plant rhizodeposition: a key factor for soil organic matter formation in stable fractions. Science Advances 7 (16): 547.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(123)
Whittaker RJ, Willis KJ, Field R (2001)
Scale and species richness: towards a general, hierarchical theory of species diversity. Journal of Biogeography 28: 453-470.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(124)
Wikipedia (2024)
Old-growth forest. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, web site.
Online | Gscholar
(125)
World Resources Institute (2022)
Forest pulse: the latest on the world’s forests. How much forest was lost in 2022. Global Forest Review, World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, USA, web site.
Online | Gscholar
(126)
Xu C, De Frenne P, Blondeel H, De Pauw K, Landuyt D, Lorer E, Sanczuk P, Verheyen K, De Lombaerde E (2023)
Light more than warming impacts understory tree seedling growth in a temperate deciduous forest. Forest Ecology and Management 549: 121496-121496.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(127)
Zampedri R (2005)
Relazione tra clima, forme di humus e dinamica forestale in ambiente di pecceta altimontana [Relationship between climate, humus forms and forest dynamics in an alpine spruce forest environment]. Doctoral thesis, Dept. of Territory and Agro-Forestry Systems (TESAF), University of Padua, Italy, pp. 123. [in Italian]
Gscholar
(128)
Zampedri R, Zanella A, Giannini R (2023a)
Soil, humipedon and forest management. Forest@ - Rivista di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale 20: 13-19. [in Italian with English abstract]
CrossRef | Gscholar
(129)
Zampedri R, Bernier N, Zanella A, Giannini R, Menta C, Visentin F, Mairota P, Mei G, Zandegiacomo G, Carollo S, Brandolese A, Ponge J-F (2023b)
Soil, humipedon, forest life and management. International Journal of Plant Biology 14: 571-593.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(130)
Zanella A (1998)
Intorno al concetto di tipologia forestale. Aspettative e realtà [Around the concept of forest typology. Expectations and reality]. In: Proceedings of the 35th applied course “The typology of forest stations - Example of applied ecology” (Carraro V, Zanella A eds). San Vito di Cadore (Belluno, Italy) 7-11 Sept 1998. University of Padua, Padua, Italy, pp. 185-198.
Gscholar
(131)
Zanella A, Tomasi M, Cesare DS, Frizzera L, Jabiol B, Nicolini G, Sartori G, Calabrese MS, Manacabelli A, Nardi S, Pizzeghello D, Maurizio O (2001)
Humus Forestali - Manuale di ecologia per il riconoscimento e l’interpretazione - Applicazione alle faggete [Forest Humus - Ecology manual for recognition and interpretation - Application to beech forests]. CEA Ed., Alpine Ecology Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy, pp. 321.
Gscholar
(132)
Zanella A, Ascher-Jenull J (2018)
Editorial - Humusica 1. Applied Soil Ecology 122 (1): 1-9.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(133)
Zanella A, Ponge J-F, Fritz I, Pietrasiak N, Matteodo M, Nadporozhskaya M, Juilleret J, Tatti D, Le Bayon R-C, Rothschild L, Mancinelli R (2018)
Humusica 2, article 13: para humus systems and forms. Applied Soil Ecology 122: 181-199.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(134)
Zanella A, Ponge J-F, Jabiol B, Van Delft B, De Waal R, Katzensteiner K, Kolb E, Bernier N, Mei G, Blouin M, Juilleret J, Pousse N, Stanchi S, Cesario F, Le Bayon R-C, Tatti D, Chersich S, Carollo L, Englisch M, Schrötter A, Schaufler J, Bonifacio E, Fritz I, Sofo A, Bazot S, Lata J-C, Iffly J-F, Wetzel CE, Hissler C, Fabiani G, Aubert M, Vacca A, Serra G, Menta C, Visentin F, Cools N, Bolzonella C, Frizzera L, Zampedri R, Tomasi M, Galvan P, Charzynski P, Zakharchenko E, Waez-Mousavi SM, Brun J-J, Menardi R, Fontanella F, Zaminato N, Carollo S, Brandolese A, Bertelle M, Zanella G, Bronner T, Graefe U, Hager H (2022)
A standardized morpho-functional classification of the planet’s humipedons. Soil Systems 6: 59.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(135)
Zanella A (2024)
The spiral of plants and soil in the cycle of life. Italian Botanist 17: 1-11.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(136)
Zemp DC, Schleussner C-F, Barbosa HMJ, Van Der Ent RJ, Donges JF, Heinke J, Sampaio G, Rammig A (2014)
On the importance of cascading moisture recycling in South America. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14 (23): 13337-13359.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(137)
Zhouri A (2010)
“Adverse forces” in the Brazilian Amazon: developmentalism versus environmentalism and indigenous rights. The Journal of Environment and Development 19: 252-273.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(138)
Zhou J, Wen Y, Rillig MC, Shi L, Dippold MA, Zeng Z, Kuzyakov Y, Zang H, Jones DL, Blagodatskaya E (2023)
Restricted power: can microorganisms maintain soil organic matter stability under warming exceeding 2 degrees? Global Ecology and Biogeography.
CrossRef | Gscholar
 

This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. More info