*
 

iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry

*

Physical, chemical and mechanical properties of Pinus sylvestris wood at five sites in Portugal

Cláudia Fernandes (1), Maria João Gaspar (1-2-3), Jani Pires (2), Ana Alves (3), Rita Simões (3), José Carlos Rodrigues (3), Maria Emília Silva (4-5), Ana Carvalho (1), José Eduardo Brito (1-2), José Luís Lousada (4-5)   

iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, Volume 10, Issue 4, Pages 669-679 (2017)
doi: https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor2254-010
Published: Jul 11, 2017 - Copyright © 2017 SISEF

Research Articles


The reduction of resinous species in Portuguese forest areas has caused constraints to wood industry supplies. Portugal represents the extreme southwest of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) natural distribution and large gaps exist in the knowledge of its wood-quality characteristics. Understanding the relationship between these traits is important for recognizing which combination of wood properties is the most suitable for specific uses. To address these questions, we assessed wood-quality traits, namely, wood-density components (microdensitometric analysis), chemical composition (NIR spectrometry) and mechanical properties (bending tests) of wood samples collected at five representative forest sites in Portugal. Our results showed that Portuguese Pinus sylvestris has good radial growth and denser wood, higher extractive content and higher stiffness and strength than northern European provenances. The lignin content was within the range attributed to softwoods. Among the Portuguese stands, trees growing at lower-altitude sites exhibited denser wood and higher mechanical properties, while trees from high-elevations showed higher amounts of lignin. Ring density was more strongly correlated with earlywood than latewood density. A negative, non-significant correlation was found between ring density and width, supporting the assumption that the higher radial growth (ring width) does not negatively affect wood quality (density). In general, chemical properties had a weak relationship with physical and mechanical properties (MOE and MOR). Both mechanical traits were positively correlated with density and growth components, supporting the assumption that trees with high radial growth do not exhibit poorer mechanical performances.

  Keywords


Bending Tests, Correlations, Mechanical Traits, NIR Spectrometry, Scots Pine, Wood-Density Components, Wood Quality, X-ray Microdensitometry

Authors’ address

(1)
Cláudia Fernandes
Maria João Gaspar
Ana Carvalho
José Eduardo Brito
BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences University of Lisboa, C8 BDG Campo Grande (Portugal)
(2)
Maria João Gaspar
Jani Pires
José Eduardo Brito
Department of Genetics and Biotechnology (DGB), University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real (Portugal)
(3)
Maria João Gaspar
Ana Alves
Rita Simões
José Carlos Rodrigues
Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa (Portugal)
(4)
Maria Emília Silva
José Luís Lousada
Department of Forestry Sciences and Landscape (CIFAP), University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real (Portugal)
(5)
Maria Emília Silva
José Luís Lousada
Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real (Portugal)

Corresponding author

 
José Luís Lousada
jlousada@utad.pt

Citation

Fernandes C, Gaspar MJ, Pires J, Alves A, Simões R, Rodrigues JC, Silva ME, Carvalho A, Brito JE, Lousada JL (2017). Physical, chemical and mechanical properties of Pinus sylvestris wood at five sites in Portugal. iForest 10: 669-679. - doi: 10.3832/ifor2254-010

Academic Editor

Giacomo Goli

Paper history

Received: Oct 18, 2016
Accepted: Mar 28, 2017

First online: Jul 11, 2017
Publication Date: Aug 31, 2017
Publication Time: 3.50 months

Breakdown by View Type

(Waiting for server response...)

Article Usage

Total Article Views: 41845
(from publication date up to now)

Breakdown by View Type
HTML Page Views: 34305
Abstract Page Views: 2356
PDF Downloads: 4304
Citation/Reference Downloads: 14
XML Downloads: 866

Web Metrics
Days since publication: 2443
Overall contacts: 41845
Avg. contacts per week: 119.90

Article Citations

Article citations are based on data periodically collected from the Clarivate Web of Science web site
(last update: Feb 2023)

Total number of cites (since 2017): 18
Average cites per year: 2.57

 

Publication Metrics

by Dimensions ©

Articles citing this article

List of the papers citing this article based on CrossRef Cited-by.

 
(1)
Abdel-Gadir AY, Krahmer RL, McKimmy MD (1993)
Relationships between intra-ring variables in mature Douglas-fir trees from provenance plantations. Wood and Fiber Science 25 (2): 182-191.
Gscholar
(2)
Aleinikovas M, Grigaliûnas J (2006)
Differences of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood physical and mechanical properties from different forest site types in Lithuania. Baltic Forestry 12 (1): 9-13.
Gscholar
(3)
Alves A, Schwanninger M, Pereira H, Rodrigues J (2006)
Calibration of NIR to assess lignin composition (H/G ratio) in maritime pine wood using analytical pyrolysis as the reference method. Holzforschung 60 (1): 29-31.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(4)
Auty D (2006)
Non-destructive evaluation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) to determine timber quality following conversion to continuous cover forestry systems. Master of Science Dissertation, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, pp. 62.
Gscholar
(5)
Auty D, Achim A, Macdonald E, Cameron AD, Gardiner Ba (2014)
Models for predicting wood density variation in Scots pine. Forestry 87 (3): 449-458.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(6)
Da Silva Perez D, Guillemain A, Alazard P, Plomion C, Rozenberg P, Rodrigues JC, Alves A, Chantre G (2007)
Improvement of Pinus pinaster Ait. elite trees selection by combining near infrared spectroscopy and genetic tools. Holzforschung 61 (6): 611-622.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(7)
Donaldson La (1985)
Within-and between-tree variation in lignin concentration in the tracheid cell wall of Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 15 (3): 361-369.
Online | Gscholar
(8)
Fernandes CSR (2006)
Avaliação da interacção genótipo x ambiente nas características de qualidade da madeira de Pinus pinaster [Evaluation of genotype x environment interaction in Pinus pinaster wood quality characteristics]. Master’s dissertation in Forest Engineering, Department of Forestry, University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal, pp. 115. [in Portuguese]
Gscholar
(9)
Fernández-Golfin SJI, Díez BMR, Hermoso PE, Conde GM (2004)
Mechanical characterization of timber from Spanish provenances of Laricio Pine, according to European standards. Wood Science and Technology 38 (1): 25-34.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(10)
Fries A, Ericsson T (2006)
Estimating genetic parameters for wood density of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Silvae Genetica 55 (2): 84-91.
Gscholar
(11)
Gaspar MJ, Louzada JL, Silva ME, Aguiar A, Almeida MH (2008a)
Age trends in genetic parameters of wood density components in 46 half-sibling families of Pinus pinaster. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38 (6): 1470-1477.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(12)
Gaspar MJ, Louzada JL, Aguiar A, Almeida MH (2008b)
Genetic correlations between wood quality traits of Pinus pinaster Ait. Annals of Forest Science 65 (7): 703-703.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(13)
Gaspar MJ, Lousada JL, Rodrigues JC, Aguiar A, Almeida MH (2009)
Does selecting for improved growth affect wood quality of Pinus pinaster in Portugal? Forest Ecology and Management 258 (2): 115-121.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(14)
Gaspar MJ, Alves A, Louzada JL, Morais J, Santos A, Fernandes C, Almeida MH, Rodrigues Jc (2011)
Genetic variation of chemical and mechanical traits of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton). Correlations with wood density components. Annals of Forest Science 68 (2): 255-265.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(15)
Gindl W, Grabner M, Wimmer R (2001)
Effects of altitude on tracheid differentiation and lignification of Norway spruce. Canadian Journal of Botany 79 (7): 815-821.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(16)
Guller B, Isik K, Cetinay S (2012)
Variations in the radial growth and wood density components in relation to cambial age in 30-Year-Old Pinus brutia Ten. at two test sites. Trees 26 (3): 975-986.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(17)
Hoibo O, Vestol GI (2010)
Modelling the variation in modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture of Scots pine round timber. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40 (4): 668-678.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(18)
Karlman L, Mörling T, Martinsson O (2005)
Wood density, annual ring width and latewood content in larch and Scots pine. Eurasian Journal of Forest Research 8 (2): 91-96.
Gscholar
(19)
Kilpeläinen A, Peltola H, Ryyppö A, Sauvala K, Laitinen K, Kellomäki S (2003)
Wood properties of Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris) grown at elevated temperature and carbon dioxide concentration. Tree Physiology 23 (13): 889-897.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(20)
Koga S, Zhang SY (2004)
Inter-tree and Intra-tree variations in ring width and wood density components in balsam fir (Abies balsamea). Wood Science and Technology 38 (2): 149-162.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(21)
Koubaa A, Zhang SY, Isabel N, Beaulieu J, Bousquet J (2007)
Phenotypic correlations between juvenile-mature wood density and growth in black spruce. Wood and Fiber Science 32 (1): 61-71.
Online | Gscholar
(22)
Kurz-Besson CB, Lousada JL, Gaspar MJ, Correia IE, David TS, Soares PMM, Cardoso RM, Russo A, Varino F, Mériaux C, Trigo RM, Gouveia CM (2016)
Effects of recent minimum temperature and water deficit increases on Pinus pinaster radial growth and wood density in southern Portugal. Frontiers in Plant Science 7 (595): 131.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(23)
Liu C, Zhang SY, Cloutier A, Rycabel T (2007)
Modeling lumber bending stiffness and strength in natural black spruce stands using stand and tree characteristics. Forest Ecology and Management 242 (2-3): 648-655.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(24)
Louzada JL (1991)
Variação nas componentes da densidade na madeira de Pinus pinaster Ait. [Variation of the density components in Pinus pinaster Ait. wood]. In: “Technical-Scientific Series, Applied sciences no. 12”. UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal, pp. 113. [in Portuguese]
Gscholar
(25)
Louzada JL (2000)
Variação fenotípica e genética em características estruturais na madeira de Pinus pinaster Ait. O comprimento das fibras e a densidade até aos 80 anos de idade das árvores. Parametros genéticos na evolução juvenil - adulto das componentes da densidade da madeira. [Phenotypic and genetic variation in structural features in Pinus pinaster Ait. wood. The fiber length and density to 80 years of tree’s age. Genetic parameters in juvenile-mature evolution of wood density components]. In: “Didactic Applied Sciences Series”, No. 143, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal, pp. 293. [in Portuguese]
Gscholar
(26)
Louzada JL, Fonseca Ma (2002)
The heritability of wood density components in Pinus pinaster Ait. and implications for tree breeding. Annals of Forest Science 59 (8): 867-873.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(27)
Louzada JLPc (2003)
Genetic correlations between wood density components in Pinus pinaster Ait. Annals of Forest Science 60 (3): 285-294.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(28)
Ohbayashi H, Booker RE, Ball RD, Ridoutt BG (2001)
Radial modulus of rupture in radiata pine measured by individual rings. Journal of Wood Science 47 (3): 233-236.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(29)
Peltola H, Gort J, Pulkkinen P, Zubizarreta Gerendiain A, Karppinen J, Ikonen V (2009)
Differences in growth and wood density traits in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) genetic entries grown at different spacing and sites. Silva Fennica 43 (3): 339-354.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(30)
Pereira H, Graça J, Rodrigues Jc (2003)
Wood chemistry in relation to quality. In: “Wood quality and its biological basis” (Barnett J, Jeronimidis G eds). John Wiley and Sons. Blackwell, Oxford, UK, pp. 53-86.
Online | Gscholar
(31)
Pritzkow C, Heinrich I, Grudd H, Helle G (2014)
Relationship between wood anatomy, tree-ring widths and wood density of Pinus sylvestris L. and climate at high latitudes in northern Sweden. Dendrochronologia 32 (4): 295-302.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(32)
Rey-Prieto A, Riesco-Muñoz G (2012)
Influencia del azulado (mancha azul) en la densidad y estabilidad dimensional de la madera de Pinus sylvestris [Influence of blue stain on density and dimensional stability of Pinus sylvestris timber]. Maderas Ciencia Y Tecnología 14 (1): 115-125. [in Portuguese]
CrossRef | Gscholar
(33)
Riesco-Muñoz G, Soilán Cañas MA, Roíguez Soalleiro R (2008)
Physical properties of wood in thinned Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) from plantations in northern Spain. Annals of Forest Science 65 (5): 507-507.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(34)
Rossi S, Cairo E, Krause C, Deslauriers a (2015)
Growth and basic wood properties of black spruce along an alti-latitudinal gradient in Quebec, Canada. Annals of Forest Science 72 (1): 77-87.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(35)
Rozenberg P, Franc A, Bastien C, Cahalan c (2001)
Improving models of wood density by including genetic effect: a case study in douglas-fir. Annals of Forest Science 58 (4): 385-394.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(36)
Sable I, Grinfelds U, Jansons A, Vikele L, Irbe I, Verovkins A, Treimanis a (2012)
Properties of wood and pulp fibers from lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) as compared to scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). BioResources 7 (2): 1771-1783.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(37)
Schimleck LR, Evans R, Ilic J (2003)
Application of near infrared spectroscopy to the extracted wood of a diverse range of species. Iawa Journal 24 (4): 429-438.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(38)
Schwanninger M, Rodrigues JC, Gierlingerc N, Hinterstoisserc b (2011a)
Determination of lignin content in Norway spruce wood by Fourier transformed near infrared spectroscopy and partial least squares regression. Part 1. Wavenumber selection and evaluation of the selected range. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 19 (5): 319-329.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(39)
Schwanninger M, Rodrigues JC, Gierlingerc N, Hinterstoisserc b (2011b)
Determination of lignin content in Norway spruce wood by Fourier transformed near infrared spectroscopy and partial least squares regression. Part 2. Development and evaluation of the final model. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 19 (5): 331-341.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(40)
Sjöström E, Alén R (2013)
Analytical methods in wood chemistry, pulping, and papermaking. Springer Series in Wood Science, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 318.
Online | Gscholar
(41)
Steffenrem A, Saranpää P, Lundqvist SO, Skroppa T (2007)
Variation in wood properties among five full-sib families of Norway spruce (Picea abies). Annals of Forest Science 64 (8): 799-806.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(42)
Toivanen TJ, Alén R (2006)
Variations in the chemical composition within pine (Pinus sylvestris) trunks determined by diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics. Cellulose 13 (1): 53-61.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(43)
Tomczak A, Jelonek T, Jakubowski M (2015)
Wood density of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees broken by wind. Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Forestry and Wood Technology 76: 144-148.
Gscholar
(44)
Tsoumis G (1991)
Science and technology of wood-structure, properties, utilization. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, USA, pp. 494.
Online | Gscholar
(45)
Van Der Maaten-Theunissen M, Boden S, Van Der Maaten E (2013)
Wood density variations of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) under contrasting climate conditions in southwestern Germany. Annals of Forest Research 56 (1): 91-103.
Online | Gscholar
(46)
Verkasalo E, Leban JM (2002)
MOE and MOR in static bending of small clear specimens of Scots pine, Norway spruce and European fir from Finland and France and their prediction for the comparison of wood quality. Paperi ja Puu 84 (5): 332-340.
Online | Gscholar
(47)
Wilhelmsson L, Arlinger J, Spaêngberg K, Lundqvist S, Grahn T, Hedenberg O, Olsson L (2002)
Models for predicting wood properties in stems of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 17 (4): 330-350.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(48)
Zhang SY, Jiang ZH (1998)
Variability of selected wood characteristics in 40 half-sib families of Black spruce (Picea mariana). Wood Science and Technology 32 (1): 71-82.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(49)
Zobel BJ, Van Buijtenen JP (1989)
Wood variation - its causes and control. Springer Series in Wood Science, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 363.
Gscholar
 

This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. More info