Drought effects on the floristic differentiation of Greek fir forests in the mountains of central Greece

doi:10.3832/ifor1214-007

Drought effects on the floristic differentiation of Greek fir forests in the mountains of central Greece

Dimitrios A Samaras^(1-2) , Stefanie Gaertner⁽¹⁾, Albert Reif⁽¹⁾, Konstantinos Theodoropoulos⁽²⁾

iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, Volume 8, Issue 6, Pages 786-797 (2015)
doi: https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor1214-007
Published: Apr 08, 2015 - Copyright © 2015 SISEF

Research Articles

PDF Version

Full Text

Citation

Geo-mapping

Greek fir (Abies cephalonica Loudon) grows in montane Mediterranean climates characterized by dry, warm summers. Drought is an important climatic feature of these montane ecosystems as it affects the floristic composition, structure and distribution of plant communities. The Oxia-North Vardousia mountain system is one of the few areas in Greece with an extensive, well-preserved Greek fir forest. This study aims at describing the Greek fir forest vegetation of such area and determining the drought-related factors affecting their floristic composition and differentiation. Vegetation relevés were classified and ordinated. The impact of drought-related variables on the vegetation composition was analyzed. A cluster analysis was used to reveal the most important factor for the discrimination of the main plant communities and to determine the drought threshold between them. Two plant communities that reflect the differentiation of the Greek fir forests in central Greece into xerophytic and mesophytic forest communities were described. Each community was divided into two sub-communities. The elevational distribution of Greek fir forests in the mountains of central Greece follows a drought gradient linked to the two main climatic components of drought, precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. The combination of these two drought-related variables into a suitable humidity index was found to adequately differentiate the xerophytic from the mesophytic forest communities and define their drought threshold.

Keywords

Abies cephalonica, Aridity, Habitat Differentiation, Humidity Index, Plant Communities, Synecology, Syntaxonomy, Sterea Ellas

Authors’ address

(1)

Chair of Site Classification and Vegetation Science, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, D-79085 Freiburg i.Br. (Germany)

(2)

Laboratory of Forest Botany-Geobotany, Faculty of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki (Greece)

Corresponding author

Dimitrios A Samaras
mail@dimitrios-samaras.net

Citation

Samaras DA, Gaertner S, Reif A, Theodoropoulos K (2015). Drought effects on the floristic differentiation of Greek fir forests in the mountains of central Greece. iForest 8: 786-797. - doi: 10.3832/ifor1214-007

Academic Editor

Paola Mairota

Paper history

Received: Dec 23, 2013
Accepted: Dec 19, 2014

First online: Apr 08, 2015
Publication Date: Dec 01, 2015
Publication Time: 3.67 months

Open Access

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Breakdown by View Type

(Waiting for server response...)

Article Usage

Total Article Views: 49929
(from publication date up to now)

Breakdown by View Type
HTML Page Views: 42355
Abstract Page Views: 2237
PDF Downloads: 4008
Citation/Reference Downloads: 25
XML Downloads: 1304

Web Metrics
Days since publication: 3515
Overall contacts: 49929
Avg. contacts per week: 99.43

Article Citations

Article citations are based on data periodically collected from the Clarivate Web of Science web site
(last update: Feb 2023)

Total number of cites (since 2015): 3
Average cites per year: 0.33

(no Plumx Metrics available for this paper)

Publication Metrics

by Dimensions ^©

Articles citing this article

List of the papers citing this article based on CrossRef Cited-by.

(1)

Abtew W (1996)
Evapotranspiration measurements and modeling for three wetland systems in south Florida. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 32: 465-473.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(2)

Albanis K, Galanos F, Boskos L (2000)
Criteria and indicators for the sustainable forest management in Greece. Ministry of Agriculture, General Secretariat of Forests and Natural Environment, Athens, Greece, pp. 101.
Gscholar

(3)

Aussenac G (2002)
Ecology and ecophysiology of circum-Mediterranean firs in the context of climate change. Annals of Forest Science 59: 823-832.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(4)

Barbéro M, Quézel P (1976)
Les groupements forestiers de Grèce Centro-Méridionale [The forest communities in southern and central Greece]. Ecologia Mediterranea 2: 3-86. [in French]
CrossRef | Gscholar

(5)

Baumann H, Künkele S, Lorenz R (2006)
Orchideen Europas mit angrenzenden Gebieten [Orchids of Europe and nearby areas]. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, Germany, pp. 333. [in German]
Gscholar

(6)

Bergmeier E, Dimopoulos P (2001)
Fagus sylvatica forest vegetation in Greece: syntaxonomy and gradient analysis. Journal of Vegetation Science 12:109-126.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(7)

Bergmeier E, Dimopoulos P (2008)
Identifying plant communities of thermophilous deciduous forest in Greece: species composition, distribution, ecology and syntaxonomy. Plant Biosystems 142: 228-254.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(8)

Bergmeier E (2002)
Plant communities and habitat differentiation in the Mediterranean coniferous woodlands of Mt. Parnon (Greece). Folia Geobotanica 37: 309-331.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(9)

Blasi C, Di Pietro R, Filesi L (2004)
Syntaxonomical revision of Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae in the Italian Peninsula. Fitosociologia 41: 87-164.
Online | Gscholar

(10)

Box EO (1981)
Predicting physiognomic vegetation types with climate variables. Vegetatio 45:127-139.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(11)

Bray JR, Curtis JT (1957)
An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecological monographs 27:325-349.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(12)

Breiman L, Friedman JH, Olshen RA, Stone CJ (1984)
Classification and regression trees. Wadsworth International Group, Belmont, CA, USA, pp. 376.
Gscholar

(13)

Bruelheide H (2000)
A new measure of fidelity and its application to defining species groups. Journal of Vegetation Science 11: 167-178.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(14)

Brullo S, Giusso del Galdo G, Guarino R (2001)
The orophilous communities of the Pino-Juniperetea class in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean area. Feddes Repertorium 112: 261-308.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(15)

Böhling N, Greuter W, Raus T (2002)
Indicator values of the vascular plants in the Southern Aegean (Greece). Braun-Blanquetia 32: 1-108. [in German with English summary]
Gscholar

(16)

Christensen KI (1997)
Abies Miller. In: “Flora Hellenica” (Strid A, Tan K eds). Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein, Germany, pp. 1-3.
Gscholar

(17)

Clarke KR (1993)
Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Australian Journal of Ecology 18:117-143.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(18)

Dane JH, Hopmans JW (2002)
Water retention and storage. Laboratory. In: “Methods of soil analysis. Part 4. Physical methods” (Dane JH, Topp GC eds). Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA, pp. 675-720.
Gscholar

(19)

De Cáceres M, Jansen F (2010)
Indicspecies: functions to assess the strength and significance of relationship of species site group associations. R package version 1.5.1.
Online | Gscholar

(20)

De Cáceres M, Legendre P (2009)
Associations between species and groups of sites: indices and statistical inference. Ecology 90: 3566-3574.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(21)

De Cáceres M, Legendre P, Moretti M (2010)
Improving indicator species analysis by combining groups of sites. Oikos 119: 1674-1684.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(22)

Dimitrellos GN (2005)
Geobotanical research of Timfristos Mt. (NW Sterea Ellas): flora-vegetation-evaluation-management. PhD Thesis, University of Patras, Patra, Greece, pp. 313. [in Greek with English summary]
Gscholar

(23)

Dimopoulos P, Georgiadis T, Sykora K (1996)
Phytosociological research on the montane coniferous forests of Greece: Mount Killini (NE Peloponnisos -S Greece). Folia Geobotanica and Phytotaxonomica 31: 169-195.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(24)

Drouzas AD (2000)
Determination and analysis variation of Greek fir populations using biochemical and molecular markers. PhD Thesis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece, pp. 132. [in Greek with English summary]
Gscholar

(25)

Ellenberg H, Leuschner C (2010)
Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen in ökologischer, dynamischer und historischer Sicht [Vegetation of central Europe and the Alps from an ecological, dynamic and historic viewpoint] (6th edn). Ulmer UTB, Stuttgart, Germany, pp. 1334. [in German]
Gscholar

(26)

Euro+Med (2006)
Euro+Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
Online | Gscholar

(27)

Fady B, Conkle MT (1993)
Allozyme variation and possible phylogenetic implications in Abies cephalonica Loudon and some related eastern Mediterranean firs. Silvae Genetica 42: 351-359.
Online | Gscholar

(28)

Frank D, Inouyei R (1994)
Temporal variation in actual evapotranspiration of terrestrial ecosystems - Patterns and ecological implications. Journal of Biogeography 21: 401-411.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(29)

Gouvas M, Sakellariou N (2011)
Climate and forest vegetation of Greece. National Observatory of Athens, Institute of Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, Athens, Greece, pp. 238. [in Greek with English summary]
Gscholar

(30)

Gouvas M, Theodoropoulos K (2014)
The influence of air temperature on the lower- and higher-altitudinal distribution limits of forest trees and shrubs in Greece. Forest Research-New Series 22 [in press] [in Greek with English summary].
Gscholar

(31)

GRASS Development Team (2010)
Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS GIS) Software. Open Source Geospatial Foundation, USA. Version 6.4.0
Online | Gscholar

(32)

Greuter W, Burdet HM, Long G (1984)
Med-checklist (vols 1, 3, 4). Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Genève, Switzerland, pp. 853.
Gscholar

(33)

Guarino R, Domina G, Pignatti S (2012)
Ellenberg’s indicator values for the Flora of Italy - first update: Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledoneae. Flora Mediterranea 22: 197-209.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(34)

Gärtner S, Reif A, Xystrakis F, Sayer U, Bendagha N, Matzarakis A (2008)
The drought tolerance limit of Fagus sylvatica forest on limestone in southwestern Germany. Journal of Vegetation Science 19:757-768.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(35)

Hengl T (2007)
A practical guide to geostatistical mapping of environmental variables. JRC Scientific and Technical Reports, European Commission-Joint Research Centre-Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Luxembourg, pp 143.
Online | Gscholar

(36)

Hennekens SM, Schaminée JH. (2001)
TURBOVEG, a comprehensive data base management system for vegetation data. Journal of Vegetation Science 12:589-591.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(37)

Hill MO, Bell N, Bruggeman-Nannenga MA, Brugués M, Cano MJ, Enroth J, Flatberg KI, Frahm J-P, Gallego MT, Garilleti R, Guerra J, Hedenäs L, Holyoak DT, Hyvönen, Ignatov MS, Lara F, Mazimpaka V, Muñoz J, Söderström L (2006)
An annotated checklist of the mosses of Europe and Macaronesia. Journal of Bryology 28:198-267.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(38)

Hofierka J, Šúri M (2002)
The solar radiation model for Open source GIS: implementation and applications. In: Proceedings of the “Open source GIS-GRASS users conference 2002” (Ciolli M, Zatelli P eds). Trento (Italy) 11-13 Sep 2002. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy, pp. 1-19.
Gscholar

(39)

Horvat I, Glavac V, Ellenberg H (1974)
Vegetation Südosteuropas [Vegetation of southern Europe]. G. Fischer, Stuttgart, Germany, pp. 768. [in German]
Gscholar

(40)

Hothorn T, Hornik K, Zeileis A (2006)
Unbiased recursive partitioning: a conditional inference framework. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 17: 492-514.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(41)

Hothorn T, Hornik K, Zeileis A (2011)
Party: a laboratory for recursive partytioning. R package version 0.9-99992.
Online | Gscholar

(42)

Jahn R, Schönfelder P (1995)
Exkursionsflora für Kreta [Field-guide Flora of Crete]. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, Germany, pp. 446. [in German]
Gscholar

(43)

Kallergis GA, Koch KE, Nikolaus HJ (1970)
Geological map of Greece. Institute for Geology and Subsurface Research, Athens, Greece, pp. 1.
Gscholar

(44)

Karetsos G (2002)
Study of the ecology and vegetation of Mt. Iti. PhD Thesis, University of Patras, Patra, Greece, pp. 295. [in Greek with English summary]
Gscholar

(45)

Kenkel NC, Orloci L (1986)
Applying metric and nonmetric multidimensional scaling to ecological studies: some new results. Ecology 67: 919-928.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(46)

Knapp R (1964)
Die Vegetation von Kephallinia, Griechenland. Geobotanische Untersuchung eines Mediterranen gebietes und einige ihrer Anwendungsmöglichkeiten in Wirtschaft und Landesplanung [The vegetation of Kefallinia, Greece. Geobotanical studies of a Mediterranean area and some of its application options in economy and landscape planning]. Geobotanische Mitteilungen 29, Geobotanisches Institut, Giessen, Germany, pp. 206. [in German]
Gscholar

(47)

Kokmotos E (2008)
Floristic and phytosociological research of Boeotia Mountains (Elikon-Xerovouni-Neraidolakomma). Comparative exploration and ecological approach. PhD Thesis, University of Patras, Patra, Greece, pp. 509. [in Greek with English summary]
Gscholar

(48)

Koutsias N, Arianoutsou M, Kallimanis AS, Mallinis G, Halley JM, Dimopoulos P (2012)
Where did the fires burn in Peloponnisos, Greece the summer of 2007? Evidence for a synergy of fuel and weather. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 156: 41-53.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(49)

Kruskal JB (1964a)
Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis. Psychometrika 29: 1-27.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(50)

Kruskal JB (1964b)
Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: a numerical method. Psychometrika 29: 115-129.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(51)

Künemund B (2008)
Morphologische Variabilität des griechischen Tannenhybriden Abies × borisii-regis (Mattfeld) [Morphological variability of the Greek fir hybrid Abies × borisii-regis (Mattfeld)]. Diploma thesis, Albert- Ludwigs Universität, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, pp. 73. [in German]
Gscholar

(52)

Lance GN, Williams WT (1967)
A general theory of classificatory sorting strategies: 1. Hierarchical systems. The Computer Journal 9: 373-380.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(53)

Leyer I, Wesche K (2007)
Multivariate Statistik in der Ökologie [Multivariate statistics in ecology]. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 37-45. [in German]
Gscholar

(54)

Maechler M (2010)
Cluster: cluster analysis extended Rousseeuw et al. R package version 1.13.2
Online | Gscholar

(55)

Maroulis G (2003)
Flora and vegetation of mount Erymanthos ecosystems (NW Peloponnisos). PhD Thesis, University of Patras, Patra, Greece, pp. 405. [in Greek with English summary]
Gscholar

(56)

Mather JR, Yoshioka GA (1968)
The role of climate in the distribution of vegetation. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 58:29-41.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(57)

McCune B, Grace J (2002)
Analysis of ecological communities. MjM Software Design, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, USA, pp. 300.
Online | Gscholar

(58)

McCune B, Keon D (2002)
Equations for potential annual direct incident radiation and heat load. Journal of Vegetation Science 13:603-606.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(59)

Minchin PR (1987)
An evaluation of the relative robustness of techniques for ecological ordination. Vegetatio 69: 89-107.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(60)

Mintz Y, Serafini YV (1992)
A global monthly climatology of soil moisture and water balance. Climate Dynamics 8: 13-27.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(61)

Mitsopoulos DJ, Panetsos CP (1987)
Origin of variation in fir forests of Greece. Silvae Genetica 36: 1-15.
Gscholar

(62)

Mucina L (1997)
Conspectus of classes of European vegetation. Folia Geobotanica 32:117-172.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(63)

Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Kindt R, Legendre P, O’Hara RB, Simpson GL, Solymos P, Stevens MHH, Wagner H (2011)
Vegan: community ecology package. R package version 1.17-10
Online | Gscholar

(64)

Ozenda P (1975)
Vegetation levels of the Mediterranean basin mountains. Documents de cartographie écologique 16: 1-32. [in French with English summary]
Gscholar

(65)

Palmer WC (1965)
Meteorological drought. Research paper 45, US Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 68.
Gscholar

(66)

Pausas JG, Austin MP (2001)
Patterns of plant species richness in relation to different environments: an appraisal. Journal of Vegetation Science 12:153-166.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(67)

Pignatti S, Menegoni P, Pietrosanti S (2005)
Valori di bioindicazione delle piantevascolari della Flora d’Italia [Bioindicator values of vascular plants of the Flora of Italy]. Braun-Blanquetia 39: 1-97. [in Italian]
Gscholar

(68)

Quézel P, Barbéro M (1985)
Carte de la végétation potentielle de la région Méditerranéenne. Feuille no. 1: Méditerranée orientale [Map of potential vegetation of the Mediterranean region. No. 1: Eastern Mediterranean]. CNRS, Paris, France. [in French]
Gscholar

(69)

Quézel P (1998)
Diversité et répartition des sapins sur le pourtour méditerranéen [Diversity and distribution of firs around the Mediterranean]. Forêt Méditerranéenne 19: 93-104. [in French]
Gscholar

(70)

R Core Team (2011)
R: a language and environment for statistical computing (version 2.12.2). R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
Online | Gscholar

(71)

Roberts DW (2010)
Labdsv: ordination and multivariate analysis for ecology. R package version 1.4-1
Online | Gscholar

(72)

Rydgren K (1996)
Vegetation-environment relationships of old-growth spruce forest vegetation in Østmarka Nature Reserve, SE Norway, and comparison of three ordination methods. Nordic Journal of Botany 16: 421-439.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(73)

Samaras DA (2012)
The vegetation of Greek fir (Abies cephalonica Loudon) forests on the Oxia-North Vardousia mountain system, central Greece, in relation to drought. PhD Thesis, Albert-Ludwigs Universität, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, pp. 199.
Gscholar

(74)

Samaras D, Theodoropoulos K, Eleftheriadou E (2008)
The plant communities of Greek fir forests (Abies cephalonica J.W. Loudon) of Mt. Goulinas (C. Greece). Forest Research-New Series 21: 63-78. [in Greek with English summary]
Gscholar

(75)

Samaras DA, Reif A, Theodoropoulos K (2014)
Evaluation of radiation-based reference evapotranspiration models under different Mediterranean climates in central Greece. Water Resources Management 28: 207-225.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(76)

Sayer U (2000)
Die Ökologie der Flaumeiche (Quercus pubescens Willd.) und ihrer Hybriden auf Kalkstandorten an ihrer nördlichen Arealgrenze (Untersuchungen zu Boden, Klima und Vegetation) [The ecology of downy oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) and its hybrids on limestone at its northern distribution limit]. Dissertationes Botanicae 340, Cramer, Stuttgart, Germany, pp. 198. [in German]
Gscholar

(77)

Scaltsoyiannes A, Tsaktsira M, Drouzas AD (1999)
Allozyme differentiation in the Mediterranean firs (Abies, Pinaceae). A first comparative study with phylogenetic implications. Plant Systematics and Evolution 216: 289-307.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(78)

Schütt P (1994)
Tannenarten Europas und Kleinasiens [Fir species of Europe and Asia Minor]. Ecomed, Landsberg am Lech, Germany, pp. 132. [in German]
Gscholar

(79)

Stephenson NL (1990)
Climatic control of vegetation distribution: the role of the water balance. The American Naturalist 135: 649-670.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(80)

Stephenson NL (1998)
Actual evapotranspiration and deficit: biologically meaningful correlates of vegetation distribution across spatial scales. Journal of Biogeography 25: 855-870.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(81)

Strid A, Tan K (1991)
Mountain flora of Greece, vol. 2. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, UK, pp. 974.
Gscholar

(82)

Strid A, Tan K (1997)
Flora hellenica, vol. 1. Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein, Germany, pp. 545.
Gscholar

(83)

Strid A, Tan K (2002)
Flora hellenica, vol. 2. Gantner Verlag, Ruggell, Liechtenstein, pp. 511.
Gscholar

(84)

Strid A (1986)
Mountain flora of Greece, Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 822.
Gscholar

(85)

Súri M, Hofierka J (2004)
A new GIS-based solar radiation model and its application to photovoltaic assessments. Transactions in GIS 8: 175-190.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(86)

Theodoropoulos K, Eleftheriadou E (2002)
The vegetation of prickly Juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus L. ssp. oxycedrus) shrublands on Mount Orvilos (E. Macedonia, Nomos Dramas, Greece). In: Proceedings of the “3^rd panhellenic rangeland conference” (Platis PD, Papachristou TG eds). Karpenisi (Greece) 4-6 Sep 2002. Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Hellenic Range and Pasture Society, Athens, Greece, pp. 223-232. [in Greek with English summary]
Gscholar

(87)

Thornthwaite CW (1947)
Climate and moisture conservation. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 37: 87-100.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(88)

Tichý L, Chytrý M (2006)
Statistical determination of diagnostic species for site groups of unequal size. Journal of Vegetation Science 17: 809-818.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(89)

Tsiripidis I, Bergmeier E, Fotiadis G, Dimopoulos P (2009)
A new algorithm for the determination of differential taxa. Journal of Vegetation Science 20: 233-240.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(90)

Tuhkanen S (1980)
Climatic parameters and indices in plant geography. Acta Phytogeographica Suecica 67: 1-105.
Gscholar

(91)

Tutin TG, Heywood VH, Burges NA, Moore DM, Valentine DH, Walters SM, Webb DA (1980)
Flora Europaea, vols 2-5 (1st edn). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 1766.
Gscholar

(92)

Tutin TG, Burges NA, Chater AO, Edmondson JR, Heywood WH, Moore DM, Valentine DH, Walters SM, Webb DA (1993)
Flora Europaea, vol. 1 (2nd edn). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 581.
Gscholar

(93)

Van Der Maabel E (1979)
Transformation of cover-abundance values in phytosociology and its effects on community similarity. Vegetatio 39 (2): 97-114.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(94)

Van Der Maarel E (2005)
Vegetation ecology. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MS, USA, pp. 395.
Online | Gscholar

(95)

Vlachos A (2006)
Flora, vegetation and ecology of Vardousia Mt. PhD Thesis, University of Patras, Patra, Greece, pp. 395. [in Greek with English summary]
Gscholar

(96)

Wallén CC (1967)
Aridity definitions and their applicability. Geografiska Annaler 49: 367-384.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(97)

Weber HE, Moravec J, Theurillat J-P (2000)
International code of phytosociological nomenclature (3rd edn). Journal of Vegetation Science 11: 739-768.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(98)

Whittaker RJ, Willis KJ, Field R (2001)
Scale and species richness: towards a general, hierarchical theory of species diversity. Journal of Biogeography 28: 453-470.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(99)

Willmott CJ, Rowe CM, Mintz Y (1985)
Climatology of the terrestrial seasonal water cycle. International Journal of Climatology 5:589-606.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(100)

Willner W, Tichý L, Chytrý M (2009)
Effects of different fidelity measures and contexts on the determination of diagnostic species. Journal of Vegetation Science 20 (1): 130-137.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(101)

Woodward FI, Williams BG (1987)
Climate and plant distribution at global and local scales. Plant Ecology 69: 189-197.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(102)

Xystrakis F, Koutsias N (2013)
Differences of fire activity and their underlying factors among vegetation formations in Greece. iForest 6: 132-140.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(103)

Xystrakis F (2009)
The drought tolerance limit of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stands on Mt. Olympus, NC Greece. PhD Thesis, Albert-Ludwigs Universität, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, pp. 168.
Gscholar

iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry

Contents

Search

Journal Info

Journal Subjects and Fields

For Authors

For Reviewers

For Readers

SISEF Publishing

Search iForest Contents