In a polluted environment with potentially toxic elements, plants may play a relevant role on contaminant absorption or stabilization. The aim of this study was to discriminate two poplar clones in their tolerance to high Cd concentrations (50 μM) in the growth solution and to show the potential of poplar in the cleaning-up of Cd-contaminated substrate. Chemical analyses to determine the content of heavy metals in biological samples involve their destruction by digestion with concentrated acids, preventing the localization of potentially toxic elements in situ. In contrast, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis may provide information on element localization and chemical composition of biological samples. Scanning electron microscopy allows for the observation of samples in a dry or wet state, at high magnifications and good field depth with a minimum preparation, and the possibility to combine structural and analytical information by energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis and digital images. Although, energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis has relatively low detection limits, it is useful in establishing distribution maps of potentially toxic elements inside cells and tissues. Tissue concentration and localization of Cd (and other elements) in root tips of Populus alba clones (6K3 and 14P11) were investigated, using two different types of scanning electron microscope (ambient temperature and low temperature) both coupled with energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis. These techniques were useful to investigate structural modifications and to identify in situ concentration and distribution of Cd in poplar roots, establishing indirect correlations between accumulation and localization of the metal. Overall, observations suggested differential patterns between 6K3 and 14P11 clones in accumulating Cd within the root profile, though overall concentration and content of Cd in the root system, determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, did not differ between clones. The possibility that these accumulation patterns arise from differences in uptake processes and structural properties is discussed and related to tolerance mechanisms.
Keywords
, , , ,
Citation
Cocozza C, Minnocci A, Tognetti R, Iori V, Zacchini M, Scarascia Mugnozza G (2008). Distribution and concentration of cadmium in root tissue of Populus alba determined by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis. iForest 1: 96-103. - doi: 10.3832/ifor0458-0010096
Paper history
Received: Oct 12, 2007
Accepted: Jan 16, 2008
First online: May 20, 2008
Publication Date: May 20, 2008
Publication Time: 4.17 months
© SISEF - The Italian Society of Silviculture and Forest Ecology 2008
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Breakdown by View Type
(Waiting for server response...)
Article Usage
Total Article Views: 54691
(from publication date up to now)
Breakdown by View Type
HTML Page Views: 46450
Abstract Page Views: 3091
PDF Downloads: 4205
Citation/Reference Downloads: 73
XML Downloads: 872
Web Metrics
Days since publication: 6029
Overall contacts: 54691
Avg. contacts per week: 63.50
Article Citations
Article citations are based on data periodically collected from the Clarivate Web of Science web site
(last update: Feb 2023)
Total number of cites (since 2008): 33
Average cites per year: 2.06
Publication Metrics
by Dimensions ©
Articles citing this article
List of the papers citing this article based on CrossRef Cited-by.
(1)
Ager FJ, Ynsa MD, Domínguez-Solís JR, Gotor C, Respaldiza MA, Romero LC (2002)Cadmium localization and quantification in the plant
Arabidopsis thaliana using micro-PIXE. Nuclear Instruments and Methods B 189: 494-498.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(2)
Ager FJ, Ynsa MD, Domínguez-Solís JR, López-Martín MC, Gotor C, Romero LC (2003)Nuclear micro-probe analysis of
Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Nuclear Instruments and Methods B 210: 401-406.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(3)
Alcántara E, Romera FJ, Cañete M, de La Guardia MD (1994)Effects of heavy metals on both induction and function of root Fe (III) reductase in Fe-deficient cucumber (
Cucumis sativus L.) plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 45: 1893-1898.
Online |
Gscholar
(4)
Arisi ACM, Mocquot B, Lagriffoul A, Mench M, Foyer CH, Jouanin L (2000)Responses to cadmium in leaves of transformed poplars overexpressing γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Physiologia Plantarum 109: 143-149.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(5)
Baker AJM (1981)Accumulators and excluders - strategies in the response of plants to heavy metals. Journal of Plant Nutrition 3: 643-654.
Online |
Gscholar
(6)
Baker AJM, McGrath SP, Reeves RD, Smith JAC (2000)Metal hyperaccumulator plants: a review of the ecology and physiology of a biochemical resource for phytoremediation of metal-polluted soils. In: Phytoremediation of contaminated soil and water (Terry N, Bañuelos G eds). Lewis, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 85-107.
Gscholar
(7)
Barceló J, Poschenrieder C (1990)Plant water relation as affected by heavy metal stress: a review. Journal of Plant Nutrition 13: 1-37.
Online |
Gscholar
(8)
Barceló J, Vazquez MD, Poscenrieder C (1988)Structural and ultrastructural disorders in cadmium-treated bush bean plants (
Phaseolus vulgaris L.). New Phytologist 108: 37-49.
Online |
Gscholar
(9)
Beritognolo I, Piazzai M, Benucci S, Kuzminsky E, Sabatti M, Scarascia Mugnozza G, Muleo R (2007)Functional characterisation of three Italian
Populus alba L. genotypes under salinity stress. Trees 21: 465-477.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(10)
Boominathan R, Doran PM (2003)Organic acid complexation, heavy metal distribution and the effect of ATPase inhibition in hairy roots of hyperaccumulator plant species. Journal of Biotechnology 101: 131-146.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(11)
Borghi M, Tognetti R, Monteforti G, Sebastiani L (2007)Responses of
Populus × euramericana (
P. deltoides × P. nigra) clone Adda to increasing copper concentrations. Environmental and Experimental Botany 61: 66-73.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(12)
Carrier P, Baryla A, Havaux M (2003)Cadmium distribution and microlocalization in oilseed rape (
Brassica napus) after long-term growth on cadmium-contaminated soil. Planta 216: 939-950.
Online |
Gscholar
(13)
Clemens S (2001)Molecular mechanisms of plant metal tolerance and homeostasis. Planta 212: 475-486.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(14)
Di Baccio D, Kopriva S, Sebastiani L, Rennenberg H (2005)Does glutathione metabolism have a role in the defence of poplar against zinc excess? New Phytologist 167: 73-80.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(15)
Di Baccio D, Tognetti R, Sebastiani L, Vitagliano C (2003)Responses of
Populus deltoides ×
Populus nigra (
Populus × euramericana) clone I-214 to high zinc concentrations. New Phytologist 159: 443-452.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(16)
Drazic G, Mihailovic N, Lojic M (2006)Cadmium accumulation in
Medicago sativa seedlings treated with salicylic acid. Biologia Plantarum 50: 239-244.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(17)
Fodor F, Gáspár L, Morales F, Gogorcena Y, Lucena JJ, Cseh E, Kröpf K, Abadía J, Sárvári É (2005)Effects of two iron sources on iron and cadmium allocation in poplar (
Populus alba) plants exposed to cadmium. Tree Physiology 25:1173-1180.
Online |
Gscholar
(18)
Fodor F, Sárvári É, Láng F, Szigeti Z, Cseh E (1996)Effects of Pb and Cd on cucumber depending on the Fe-complex in the culture solution. Journal of Plant Physiology 148: 434-439.
Online |
Gscholar
(19)
Frey B, Keller C, Zierold K, Schulin R (2000)Distribution of Zn in functionally different leaf epidermal cells of the hyperaccumulator
Thlaspi caerulescens. Plant, Cell & Environment 23: 675-687.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(20)
Grant CA, Buckley WT, Bailey LD, Selles F (1998)Cadmium accumulation in crops. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78: 1-17.
Online |
Gscholar
(21)
Gussarsson M, Adalsteinsson S, Jensén R, Asp H (1995)Cadmium and copper interactions on the accumulation and distribution of Cd and Cu in birch (
Betula pendula Roth) seedlings. Plant and Soil 171: 185-187.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(22)
Hernández LE, Gárate A, Carpena-Ruiz R (1997)Effects of cadmium on the uptake, distribution and assimilation of nitrate in
Pisum sativum. Plant and Soil 189: 97-106.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(23)
Khan DH, Duckett JG, Frankland B, Kirkham JB (1984)An X-ray microanalytical study of the distribution of cadmium in roots of
Zea mays L. Journal of Plant Physiology 115: 19-28.
Gscholar
(24)
Koprivova A, Kopriva S, Jäger D, Will B, Jouanin L, Rennenberg H (2002)Evaluation of transgenic poplar lines overexpressing enzymes of glutathione synthesis for phytoremediation of cadmium. Plant Biology 4: 664-670.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(25)
Küpper H, Lombi E, Zhao F-J, McGrath SP (2000)Cellular compartmentation of cadmium and zinc in relation to other elements in the hyperaccumulator
Arabidopsis halleri. Planta 212: 75-84.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(26)
Lamoreaux RJ, Chaney WR (1977)Growth and water movement in silver maple seedlings affected by cadmium. Journal of Environmental Quality 6: 201-205.
Online |
Gscholar
(27)
Liu J, Reid RJ, Smith FA (2000)The mechanism of cobalt toxicity in mung beans. Physiologia Plantarum 110: 104-110.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(28)
Lozano-Rodríguez E, Hernandez LE, Bonay P, Carpena-Ruiz RO (1997)Distribution of cadmium in shoot and root tissues of maize and pea plants: physiological disturbances. Journal of Experimental Botany 48: 123-128.
Online |
Gscholar
(29)
Madejón P, Marañon T, Murillo JM, Robinson B (2004)White poplar (
Populus alba) as a biomonitor of trace elements in contaminated riparian forests. Environmental Pollution 132: 145-155.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(30)
Moffat AJ, Armstrong AT, Ockleston J (2001)The optimization of sewage sludge and effluent disposal on energy crops of short rotation hybrid poplar. Biomass and Bioenergy 20: 161-169.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(31)
Nedelkoska TV, Doran PM (2000)Hyperaccumulation of cadmium by hairy roots of
Thlaspi caerulescens. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 67: 607-615.
Online |
Gscholar
(32)
Punshon T, Dickinson N (1997)Acclimation of
Salix to metal stress. New Phytologist 137: 303-314.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(33)
Ramos I, Esteban E, Lucena JJ, Gárate A (2002)Cadmium uptake and subcellular distribution in plants of
Lactuca sp. Cd-Mn interaction. Plant Science 162: 761-767.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(34)
Rauser WE (1999)Structure and function of metal chelators produced by plants. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics 31: 19-48.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(35)
Rauser WE, Ackerley CA (1987)Localization of cadmium in granules within differentiating and mature root cells. Canadian Journal of Botany 65: 643-646.
Gscholar
(36)
Reese RN, Wagner GJ (1987)Effects of buthionine sulfoximine on Cd-binding peptide levels in suspension-cultured tobacco cells treated with Cd, Zn, or Cu. Plant Physiology 84: 574-577.
Online |
Gscholar
(37)
Salt DE, Smith RD, Raskin D (1998)Phytoremediation. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 49: 643-668.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(38)
Sárvári E, Fodor F, Cseh E, Szigeti Z, Láng F (2000)Comparison of the effects of Cd stress and Fe-deficiency on the thylakoid development in poplar offsprings. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 38S: 180.
Gscholar
(39)
Sárvári E, Szigeti Z, Fodor F, Cseh E, Tussor K, Záray Gy, Veres Sz, Mészáros I (2001)Relationship of iron deficiency and the altered thylakoid development in Cd treated poplar plants. In Proceedings of 12th Congress on Photosynthesis, S3-25.
Online |
Gscholar
(40)
Schnoor JL (1999)Phytostabilization of metals using hybrid poplar trees. In: Phytoremediation of toxic metals: using plants to clean up the environment (Raskin I, Ensley BD eds). Wiley-Interscience Publication, New York, NY, USA, pp. 133-150.
Gscholar
(41)
Sebastiani L, Scebba F, Tognetti R (2004)Heavy metal accumulation and growth responses in poplar clones Eridano (<i>Populus deltoids x maximowiczii</i>) and I-214 (<i>P. x euramericana</i>) exposed to industrial waste. Environmental and Experimental Botany 52: 79-88.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(42)
Seregin IV, Ivanov VB (1997)Histochemical investigation of cadmium and lead distribution in plants. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 44: 791-796.
Online |
Gscholar
(43)
Simon L (1998)Cadmium accumulation and distribution in sunflower plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition 21: 341-352.
Online |
Gscholar
(44)
Sunda WG (1990)Trace metal interactions with marine phytoplankton. Biological Oceanography 6: 411-442.
Gscholar
(45)
Surosz W, Palinska KA (2004)Effects of heavy metals stress on cyanobacterium
Anabaena flos-aquae. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 48: 40-48.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(46)
Taylor GJ (1987)Exclusion of metals from the symplasm: a possible mechanism of metal tolerance in higher plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition 10: 1213-1222.
Online |
Gscholar
(47)
Titov AF, Talanova VV, Boeva NP (1995)Growth responses of barley and wheat seedlings to lead and cadmium. Biologia Plantarum 38: 431-436.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(48)
Tognetti R, Sebastiani L, Minnocci A (2004)Gas exchange and foliage characteristics of two poplar clones grown in soil amended with industrial waste. Tree Physiology 24: 75-82.
Online |
Gscholar
(49)
Van Assche F, Clijsters H (1990)Effects of metals on enzyme activity in plants. Plant Cell & Environment 13: 195-206.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(50)
Vázquez MD, Barceló J, Poschenrieder Ch, Mádico J, Hatton P, Baker AJM, Cope GH (1992a)Localization of zinc and cadmium in
Thlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae), a metallophyte that can accumulate both metals. Journal of Plant Physiology 140: 350-355.
Online |
Gscholar
(51)
Vázquez MD, Poschenrieder Ch, Barceló J (1992b)Ultrastructural effects and localization of low cadmium concentrations in bean roots. New Phytologist 120: 215-226.
Online |
Gscholar
(52)
Vögeli-Lange R, Wagner GJ (1990)Subcellular localization of cadmium and cadmium-binding peptides in tobacco leaves. Plant Physiology 92: 1086-1093.
Online |
Gscholar
(53)
Vymazal J (1987)Toxicity and accumulation of cadmium with respect to algae and cyanobacteria: A review. Toxicity Assessment 2: 387-415.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(54)
Wagner GJ (1993)Accumulation of cadmium in crop plants and its consequences to human health. Advances in Agronomy 51: 173-212.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(55)
Walker WM, Miller JE, Hassett JJ (1977)Effect of lead and cadmium upon the calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus concentration in young corn plants. Soil Science 124: 145-151.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(56)
Wallace A, Wallace GA, Cha JW (1992)Some modifications in trace metal toxicities and deficiencies in plants resulting from interactions with other elements and chelating agents-the special case of iron. Journal of Plant Nutrition 15: 1589-1598.
Gscholar
(57)
Weigel HJ, Jäger HJ (1980)Subcellular distribution and chemical form of cadmium in bean plants. Plant Physiology 65: 480-482.
Gscholar
(58)
Wójcik M, Vangronsveld J, D’Haen J, Tukiendorf A (2005)Cadmium tolerance in
Thlaspi caerulescens. II. Localization of cadmium in
Thlaspi caerulescens. Environmental and Experimental Botany 53: 163-171.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(59)
Zhang G, Fukami M, Sekimoto H (2000)Genotypic differences in effects of cadmium on growth and nutrient compositions in wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition 23: 1337-1350.
Online |
Gscholar
(60)
Zornoza P, Vázquez S, Esteban E, Fernández-Pascual M, Carpena R (2002)Cadmium-stress in nodulated white lupin: strategies to avoid toxicity. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 40: 1003-1009.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
