Environmental factors affecting formation of lammas shoots in young stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) in Latvia

doi:10.3832/ifor2539-011

Environmental factors affecting formation of lammas shoots in young stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) in Latvia

Juris Katrevics, Una Neimane, Baiba Dzerina, Mara Kitenberga, Janis Jansons, Aris Jansons

iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, Volume 11, Issue 6, Pages 809-815 (2018)
doi: https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor2539-011
Published: Dec 14, 2018 - Copyright © 2018 SISEF

Research Articles

PDF Version

Full Text

Citation

Geo-mapping

Norway spruce is a relatively fast-growing tree species that is primarily regenerated by planting, which requires significant investments. The formation of lammas shoots (i.e., second flushing in late summer) have been proven to affect the quality and productivity of Norway spruce stands. The aim of our study was to assess the proportion of trees with lammas shoots in young stands of Norway spruce and to investigate the factors affecting their formation. Data have been collected at the end of 2011 in 102 three- to seven-year-old Norway spruce plantations randomly selected across different forest types in the central part of Latvia, and a subset of 21 stands were inventoried again at the end of 2012. In each stand, 20 sample plots were systematically established where trees with and without lammas shoots were counted and micro-environmental factors (moisture, competition, and browsing) were assessed on a three-grade scale. On average, the proportion of trees with lammas shoots was 6.5%. There was no significant effect of the stand age (from 3 to 7 years) on the proportion of trees with lammas shoots nor was there any age-related trend. The effect of forest type on the presence of lammas shoots was not significant. Micro-environmental factors had an important influence on the proportion of trees with lammas shoots. The proportion of lammas shoots in stands with no competition was significantly higher (14.5%) compared to stands with medium and high competition (6.0% and 2.2%, respectively). Similarly, a significantly higher proportion of trees with lammas shoots (11.7%) was observed in sites with normal moisture regime than in sites with slight or notable excess moisture, reaching 4.8% and 1.7%, respectively. Although the influence of browsing damage was not statistically significant, its trend was similar to that observed for competition and moisture regime. Overall, the proportion of trees with lammas shoots was highest in stands showing the most suitable micro-environmental conditions for Norway spruce.

Keywords

Second Flushing, Vegetation Competition, Tending, Moisture Excess, Browsing Damage

Authors’ address

(1)

Latvian State Forest Research Institute “Silava”, Rigas Street 111, Salaspils, LV-2169 (Latvia)

Corresponding author

Aris Jansons
aris.jansons@silava.lv

Citation

Katrevics J, Neimane U, Dzerina B, Kitenberga M, Jansons J, Jansons A (2018). Environmental factors affecting formation of lammas shoots in young stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) in Latvia. iForest 11: 809-815. - doi: 10.3832/ifor2539-011

Academic Editor

Angelo Nolè

Paper history

Received: Jun 27, 2017
Accepted: Oct 08, 2018

First online: Dec 14, 2018
Publication Date: Dec 31, 2018
Publication Time: 2.23 months

Open Access

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Breakdown by View Type

(Waiting for server response...)

Article Usage

Total Article Views: 39252
(from publication date up to now)

Breakdown by View Type
HTML Page Views: 33452
Abstract Page Views: 2199
PDF Downloads: 2903
Citation/Reference Downloads: 2
XML Downloads: 696

Web Metrics
Days since publication: 2169
Overall contacts: 39252
Avg. contacts per week: 126.68

Article Citations

Article citations are based on data periodically collected from the Clarivate Web of Science web site
(last update: Feb 2023)

Total number of cites (since 2018): 3
Average cites per year: 0.50

(no Plumx Metrics available for this paper)

Publication Metrics

by Dimensions ^©

Articles citing this article

List of the papers citing this article based on CrossRef Cited-by.

(1)

Aldén T (1971)
Influence of CO₂, moisture and nutrients on the formation of lammas growth and prolepsis in seedlings of Pinus silvestris L. Studia Forestalia Suecica 93: 1-21.
Online | Gscholar

(2)

Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker S (2015)
Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software 67 (1): 1-48.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(3)

Brus DJ, Hengeveld GM, Walvoort DJJ, Goedhart PW, Heidema AH, Nabuurs GJ, Gunia K (2011)
Statistical mapping of tree species over Europe. European Journal of Forest Research 131 (1): 145-157.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(4)

Bušs K (1976)
Latvijas PSR meža tipologijas pamati [Fundamentals of forest classification in Latvia SSR]. Silava, Riga, Latvia, pp. 24. [in Latvian]
Gscholar

(5)

Büsgen M (1929)
The structure and life of forest trees. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA, pp. 436.
Gscholar

(6)

Carvell KL (1956)
Summer shoots cause permanent damage to red pine. Journal of Forestry 54: 271-271.
Gscholar

(7)

Cline MG, Harrington CA (2007)
Apical dominance and apical control in multiple flushing of temperate woody species. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37: 74-83.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(8)

Danusevičius D (1999)
Early genetic evaluation of growth rhythm and tolerance to frost in Picea abies (L.) Karst. PhD thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, pp. 38.
Online | Gscholar

(9)

Danusevičius D, Persson B (1998)
Phenology of natural Swedish populations of Picea abies as compared with introduced seed sources. Forest Genetics 5: 211-220.
Gscholar

(10)

Dormling I, Gustafsson A, Von Wettstein D (1968)
The experimental control of the life cycle in Picea abies (L.) Karst. Silvae Genetica 17: 44-63.
Online | Gscholar

(11)

Ehrenberg CE (1963)
Genetic variation in progeny tests of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.). Studia Forestalia Suecica 10: 1-135.
Online | Gscholar

(12)

Ekö PM, Johansson U, Pettersson N, Bergqvist J, Elfving B, Frisk J (2008)
Current growth differences of Norway spruce (Picea abies), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and birch (Betula pendula and Betula pubescens) in different regions in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 23: 307-318.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(13)

Eriksson G (2010)
Picea abies: recent genetic research. Genetic Center, Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, pp. 197.
Gscholar

(14)

Gabrilavičius R, Danusevičius D (2003)
Genetics and breeding of Norway spruce in Lithuania. UAB Petro ofsetas, Vilnius, Lithuania, pp. 364. [in Lithuanian]
Gscholar

(15)

Gadskarta (2016)
Annual report of Latvia State Forest Service 2016. Web site.
Online | Gscholar

(16)

Hallgren SW, Helms JA (1988)
Control of height growth components in seedlings of California red and white fir by seed source and water stress. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18: 521-529.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(17)

Hoffmann K (1965)
Bedeutung des Austriebes für den Fichtenbau im Pleistozän der DDR [The importance of the August-shoot for the cultivation of spruce in the Pleistocene of the GDR]. Die Sozialistische Forstwirtschaft 7: 204-207. [in German]
Gscholar

(18)

Hothorn T, Bretz F, Westfall P (2008)
Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. Biometrical Journal 50 (3): 346-363.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(19)

Jansson G, Danusevičius D, Grotehusman H, Kowalczyk J, Krajmerova D, Skrøppa T, Wolf H (2013)
Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.). In: “Forest Tree Breeding in Europe: Current State-of-the-Art and Perspectives” (Pâques LE ed). Springer, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London, pp. 123-176.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(20)

Jansons A, Donis J, Danusevičius D, Baumanis I (2015)
Differential analysis for next breeding cycle for Norway spruce in Latvia. Baltic Forestry 21 (2): 285-297.
Gscholar

(21)

Jansons A, Neimane U, Dzerina B, Adamovics A (2016)
Influence of lammas shoots on height of young Scots pines in Latvia. Agronomy Research 14: 407-417.
Online | Gscholar

(22)

Johnsen O (1989)
Phenotypic changes in progenies of northern clones of Picea abies (L.) Karst. grown in a southern seed orchard. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 4: 331-341.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(23)

Junttila O (1986)
Effects of temperature on shoot growth in northern provenances of Pinus sylvestris L. Tree Physiology 1: 185-192.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(24)

Kenina L, Bardulis A, Matisons R, Kapostins R, Jansons A (2018)
Belowground biomass models for young oligotrophic Scots pine stands in Latvia. iForest 11: 206-211.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(25)

Klavins M, Briede A (2012)
Climate change in Latvia and adaptation to it. University of Latvia Press, Riga, Latvia, pp. 188.
Gscholar

(26)

Kvaalen H, Johnsen O (2008)
Timing of bud set in Picea abies is regulated by a memory of temperature during zygotic and somatic embryogenesis. New Phytologist 177: 49-59.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(27)

Kvaalen H, Sgaard G, Steffenrem A (2010)
Environmental and genetic effects on lammas growth of Norway spruce. In: Book of Abstracts of the International Scientific Conference “Adaptation of Trees and Stands to Forest Disturbances: Management Considerations”. Silava (Riga, Latvia) 18-21 Oct 2010, pp. 11.
Gscholar

(28)

LEGMC (2012)
Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre data. Web site.
Online | Gscholar

(29)

McCabe RA, Labisky RF (1959)
Leader forking of red and white pines in plantations. Journal of Forestry 57: 94-97.
Online | Gscholar

(30)

Neimane U, Zadina M, Sisenis L, Dzerina B, Pobiarrzens A (2015)
Influence of lammas shoots on productivity of Norway spruce in Latvia. Agronomy Research 13: 354-360.
Online | Gscholar

(31)

NFI (2010)
National Forest Inventory data. Web site.
Online | Gscholar

(32)

Pallardy SG (2008)
Physiology of woody plants. Elsevier, London, UK, pp. 454.
Gscholar

(33)

R Core Team (2017)
R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
Online | Gscholar

(34)

Rone V (1975)
The family and clonal selection for Norway spruce. In: “Genetic studies of conifers in the Latvian SSR” (Kundzins A, Pirags D, Rone V, Fridberga M eds). Zinatne, Riga, Latvia, pp. 34-44.
Gscholar

(35)

Rone V (1985)
Egles klonu juvenila augšana un selekcijas strategija [Juvenile growth and breeding strategy of Norway spruce clones]. Jaunakais Mežsaimnieciba 27: 10-16. [in Latvian]
Gscholar

(36)

Roth BE, Newton M (1996)
Role of lammas growth in recovery of Douglas fir seedlings from deer browsing, as influenced by weed control, fertilization, and seed source. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26: 936-944.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(37)

Skrøppa T, Hylen G, Dietrichson J (1999)
Relationships between wood density components and juvenile height growth and growth rhythm traits for Norway spruce provenances and families. Silvae Genetica 48: 235-239.
Online | Gscholar

(38)

Skrøppa T, Steffenrem A (2016)
Selection in a provenance trial of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) produced a land race with desirable properties. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 31: 439-449.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(39)

Søgaard G, Fliøstad IS, Granhus A, Hanssen KH, Kvaalen H, Skrøppa T, Steffenrem A (2011)
Lammas shoots in spruce - occurrence, genetics and climate. Web site.
Online | Gscholar

(40)

Steffenrem A, Lindland F, Skrøppa T (2008)
Genetic and environmental variation of intermodal and whorl branch formation in a progeny trial of Picea abies. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 23: 290-298.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(41)

Stöckli R, Vidale PL (2004)
European plant phenology and climate as seen in a 20-year AVHRR land-surface parameter dataset. International Journal of Remote Sensing 25 (17): 3303-3330.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(42)

Ununger J, Ekberg I, Kang H (1988)
Genetic control and age-related changes of juvenile growth characteristics in Picea abies. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 3: 55-56.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(43)

Von Wühlisch G, Muhs HJ (1986)
Influence of age on sylleptic and proleptic free growth of Norway spruce seedlings. Silvae Genetica 35 (1): 42-48.
Gscholar

iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry

Contents

Search

Journal Info

Journal Subjects and Fields

For Authors

For Reviewers

For Readers

SISEF Publishing

Search iForest Contents