Shear modulus of old timber

doi:10.3832/ifor1787-009

Shear modulus of old timber

Alberto Cavalli , Daniele Cibecchini, Giacomo Goli, Marco Togni

iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, Volume 10, Issue 2, Pages 446-450 (2017)
doi: https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor1787-009
Published: Mar 24, 2017 - Copyright © 2017 SISEF

Research Articles

PDF Version

Full Text

Citation

Interest in both the time effect on the timber mechanical properties and the reuse of old solid timbers has prompted many research works since the 1970s, mainly focusing on evaluating bending strength (MOR) and stiffness (MOE). However, only few studies have investigated the effect of aging on shear modulus (G). In this work, transverse vibration test is used to calculate G and MOE of over 80 old timber beams. The MOE/G ratio and the relationship between G and different timber features are investigated. The main outcome of the research confirms that the MOE/G ratio is around 20, close to the value reported in literature for new solid timber. No relationship exists between G and MOE (r²=0.07) or between G and other timber features. When density and knots are used as predictors in a multiple regression model, the G prediction improves (r²=0.22). This work confirms that G is not affected by the age of timber.

Keywords

Flexural Vibration, Old Timber, Historical Timber Buildings, Reclaimed Timber

Authors’ address

(1)

GESAAF - Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Systems - Section Forestry, Environment, Wood, Landscape, University of Florence, v. San Bonaventura 13, I-50145 Florence (Italy)

Corresponding author

Alberto Cavalli
alberto.cavalli@unifi.it

Citation

Cavalli A, Cibecchini D, Goli G, Togni M (2017). Shear modulus of old timber. iForest 10: 446-450. - doi: 10.3832/ifor1787-009

Academic Editor

Andrea Cutini

Paper history

Received: Jul 31, 2015
Accepted: Nov 12, 2016

First online: Mar 24, 2017
Publication Date: Apr 30, 2017
Publication Time: 4.40 months

Open Access

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Breakdown by View Type

(Waiting for server response...)

Article Usage

Total Article Views: 45315
(from publication date up to now)

Breakdown by View Type
HTML Page Views: 38726
Abstract Page Views: 2010
PDF Downloads: 3498
Citation/Reference Downloads: 34
XML Downloads: 1047

Web Metrics
Days since publication: 2811
Overall contacts: 45315
Avg. contacts per week: 112.84

Article Citations

Article citations are based on data periodically collected from the Clarivate Web of Science web site
(last update: Feb 2023)

(No citations were found up to date. Please come back later)

(no Plumx Metrics available for this paper)

Publication Metrics

by Dimensions ^©

Articles citing this article

List of the papers citing this article based on CrossRef Cited-by.

(1)

Attar-Hassan G (1976)
The effect of ageing on the mechanical properties of eastern white pine. Association for Preservation Technology (APT) 8: 64-73.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(2)

Bordonné P (1989)
Module dynamique et frottement intérieur dans le bois: mesures sur poutres flottantes en vibrations naturelles. [Dynamic modulus and internal friction in clear wood: measurement by means of of free-free flexural vibrations]. Thèse de doctorat en Sciences du Bois, INPL, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France, pp. 154. [in French]
Gscholar

(3)

Brancheriau L, Bailleres H (2002)
Natural vibration analysis of clear wooden beams: a theoretical review. Wood Science and Technology 36: 347-345.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(4)

Brandner R, Gehri E, Bogensperger T, Schickhofer G (2007)
Determination of modulus of shear and elasticity of glued laminated timber and related examinations. CIB W18 40-12-12, Conseil International dû Batiment, Esres Park, CO, USA, pp. 227.
Gscholar

(5)

Brandon Davis J (2012)
Suitability of salvaged timber in structural design. Master Thesys, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Civil and Environmental Engineering, United States Military Academia, Boston, MS, USA, pp. 42. -
Online | Gscholar

(6)

Carreira MR (2012)
Determination of the E/G ratio of wood logs using transversal vibration. Wood Research 57 (2): 207-220.
Online | Gscholar

(7)

Chui YH (1991)
Simultaneous evaluation of bending and shear moduli of wood and the influence of knots on these parameters. Wood Science and Technology 25: 125-134.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(8)

Cruz H, Machado JS (2013)
Effects of beetle attack on the bending and compression strength properties of pine wood. Advanced Materials Research 778: 145-151.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(9)

Divos F, Tanaka T, Nagao H, Kato H (1998)
Determination of shear modulus on construction size timber. Wood Science and Technology 32: 393-402.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(10)

Ehlbeck J, Görlacher R (1990)
Die Tragfähigkeit von altem Konstruktionsholz - Problematik der Beurteilung. [Assessment of old timber buildings strength]. Bauen mit Holz 2 (90): 117-120. [in German]
Gscholar

(11)

Gilfillan JR, Gilbert SG (2001)
Development of a technique to measure the residual strength of woodworm infested timber. Construction and Building Materials 15: 381-388.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(12)

Goens E (1931)
Ber die Bestimmung des Elastizitätsmoduls von Stäben mit Hilfe von Biegungsschwingungen [Determination of Young’s modulus from flexural vibrations]. Annalen Der Physik 7 (11): 649-678. [in German]
CrossRef | Gscholar

(13)

Gupta R, Basta C, Kent SM (2004)
Effect of knots on longitudinal shear strenth of douglas-fir using shear blocks. Forest Product Journal 54 (11): 77-83.
Online | Gscholar

(14)

Hoffmeyer P, Sørensen JD (2007)
Duration of load revisited. Wood Science and Technology 41 (8): 687-711.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(15)

Khokhar A (2011)
The evaluation of shear properties of timber beam using torsion test method. Doctoral Thesys, Centre for Timber Engineering School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, pp. 178.
Online | Gscholar

(16)

Kránitz K, Deublein M, Niemz P (2013)
Determination of dynamic elastic moduli and shear moduli of aged wood by means of ultrasonic devices. Materials and Structures 47 (6): 925-936.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(17)

Kubojima Y, Yoshihara H, Ohta M, Okano T (1996)
Examination of the method of measuring the shear modulus of wood based on the Timoshenko theory of bending. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 42: 1170-1176.
Gscholar

(18)

Kuipers J (1986)
Effect of age and/or load on timber strength. In: Proceedings of the Meeting “CIB W18”. Florence (Italy) 20 Sept 1986, vol I, paper no. 19-6-1, pp. 156-189.
Gscholar

(19)

Larsson D, Ohlsson S, Perstorper M, Brundin J (1998)
Mechanical properties of sawn timber from Norway spruce. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 56 (5): 331-338.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(20)

Nakajima S (2008)
Comparison of two structural reuse options of two-by-four salvaged lumbers. In: Proceedings of the “WCTE 2010 - World Conference on Timber Engineering”. Riva del Garda (Italy) 20-24 Jun 2010. Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council, Trento, Italy, vol. 4, pp. 1085-1090.
Gscholar

(21)

Noguchi T, Obataya E, Ando K (2011)
Effects of ageing on the vibrational properties of akamatsu (Pinus densiflora) wood. Wood Culture and Science, Kyoto, Japan, pp. 112-118.
Online | Gscholar

(22)

Olsson A, Källsner B (2015)
Shear modulus of structural timber evaluated by means of dynamic excitation and FE analysis. Materials and Structures 48: 977-985.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(23)

Piao C, Shupe TF, Hse CY, Tang RC (2004)
Nondestructive evaluation of Young’s moduli of full-size wood laminated composite poles. In: Proceedings of the “7th Pacific Rim Bio-Based Composites Symposium”. Najing (China) 31 Oct - 2 Nov 2004. Science and Technique Literature Press, Nanjing, China, vol. 2, pp. 291-298.
Online | Gscholar

(24)

Rayleigh L (1945)
Theory of sound. Vol. 1 (2nd edn). Dover Press, New York, USA, pp. 370.
Gscholar

(25)

Roohnia M, Kohantorabi M, Jahan-Latibari A, Tajdini A, Ghaznavi M (2012)
Nondestructive assessment of glued joints in timber applying vibration-based methods. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 70 (6): 791-799.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(26)

Roohnia M, Yavari A, Tajdini A (2010)
Elastic parameters of poplar wood with end-cracks. Annals of Forest Science 67 (4): 1-6.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(27)

Rug W, Seemann A (1991)
Strength of old timber. Building Research and Information 19: 31-37.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(28)

Togni M, Cavalli A, Mannozzi D (2013)
Chestnut: from coppice to structural timber. The case study of “Uso Fiume” beams sampled in Liguria. Journal of Agricultural Engineering 44(9): 1-4.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(29)

Togni M (1995)
Elasticità e resistenza di travi lignee antiche di grandi dimensioni: stima con metodologie non distruttive di prova applicabili in opera [Stiffness and Strength of old structural timber beams: on-site assessment by means of NDT techniques]. Doctoral Thesys, University of Florence, Italy, pp. 89. [in Italian]
Gscholar

(30)

UNI-11119 (2004)
Cultural heritage - Wooden artefacts - Load bearing structures of buildings - On site inspection for the diagnosis of timber members. Italian Unification Body, Milan, Italy, pp. 9.
Gscholar

(31)

UNI-11035-1/2 (2010)
Structural timber. Visual strength grading for structural timbers. Italian Unification Body, Milan, Italy, pp. 35.
Gscholar

(32)

Wilson TRC (1932)
Strength-moisture relations for wood. Technical Bulletin no. 282, USDA, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 89.
Online | Gscholar

(33)

Yavari A, Roohnia M, Tajdini A (2013)
Mechanical properties of clear poplar wood vs. cracked and drilled bars. In: Proceedings of the “18th International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium”. Madison (WI, USA) 24-27 Sept 2013. USDA, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 677-684.
Gscholar

(34)

Yokoyama M, Gril J, Matsuo M, Yano H, Sugiyama J, Clair B, Kubodera S (2009)
Mechanical characteristics of aged Hinoki wood from Japanese historical buildings. Comptes Rendus Physique 10 (7): 601-611.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(35)

Yoshihara H (2011)
Examination of the edgewise shear modulus of wood measured by dynamic square-plate. Wood Research 56 (3): 311-320.
Gscholar

iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry

Contents

Search

Journal Info

Journal Subjects and Fields

For Authors

For Reviewers

For Readers

SISEF Publishing

Search iForest Contents