Dead wood and stand structural parameters were sampled in eleven countries using standardized methods at about 90 intensive forest monitoring sites across large parts of Europe. Besides descriptions and correlation analyses of dead wood and stand structure parameters, a joint evaluation of both fields was performed by principal component analysis (PCA). The extracted principal components were subsequently regressed against important numerical and categorical site-related parameters like soil pH, altitude, or forest type. Dead wood volumes varied largely across plots, however, 77 percent of them had volumes below 25 cubic meter per hectare. While all fractions of dead wood - except cut stumps - reveal high intercorrelation, different aspects of stand structure varied more independently. Clark-Evans index, number of tree species and standard deviation of tree trunk diameters revealed as most self-contained. The 1st PCA axis covered 46 percent of the total variance and was mostly loaded by total dead wood volume denoting it as the feature differentiating forests most. The 2nd axis was primarily loaded by tree species diversity together with stem density and the Clark-Evans index. On the 3rd axis diameter differentiation of trees together with the volume of cut stumps prevailed, while the 4th was mainly related to the decay class of woody debris. Bivariate ex post analyses revealed country as a significant predictor of all PCA axes, underlining national forest legislations and management rules as crucial for all investigated structural features of forests. Forest type was related only to the 3rd and 2nd axis. Only the 3rd axis revealed significant relationships with some ecological site factors (age, number of tree layers, latitude, altitude). The outcome underlines the significance of nationally enacted forest legislations for both important structural and biodiversity-relevant features of forest ecosystems and encourages similar approaches with data from national forest inventories or monitoring systems.
Keywords
, , , ,
Citation
Seidling W, Travaglini D, Meyer P, Waldner P, Fischer R, Granke O, Chirici G, Corona P (2014). Dead wood and stand structure - relationships for forest plots across Europe. iForest 7: 269-281. - doi: 10.3832/ifor1057-007
Academic Editor
Enrico Marchi
Paper history
Received: Jun 24, 2013
Accepted: Feb 27, 2014
First online: Apr 14, 2014
Publication Date: Oct 01, 2014
Publication Time: 1.53 months
© SISEF - The Italian Society of Silviculture and Forest Ecology 2014
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Breakdown by View Type
(Waiting for server response...)
Article Usage
Total Article Views: 55077
(from publication date up to now)
Breakdown by View Type
HTML Page Views: 45383
Abstract Page Views: 2909
PDF Downloads: 5319
Citation/Reference Downloads: 47
XML Downloads: 1419
Web Metrics
Days since publication: 3874
Overall contacts: 55077
Avg. contacts per week: 99.52
Article Citations
Article citations are based on data periodically collected from the Clarivate Web of Science web site
(last update: Feb 2023)
Total number of cites (since 2014): 19
Average cites per year: 1.90
Publication Metrics
by Dimensions ©
Articles citing this article
List of the papers citing this article based on CrossRef Cited-by.
(1)
Abrahamsson M, Lindbladh M (2006)A comparison of saproxylic beetle occurrence between man-made high- and low-stumps of spruce (
Picea abies). Forest Ecology and Management 226: 230-237.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(2)
Aguirre O, Hui G, von Gadow K, Jiménez J (2003)An analysis of spatial forest structure using neighbourhood-based variables. Forest Ecology and Management 183: 137-145.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(3)
Apatsidis L, Sifakis C (1999)Electronic application (APSI) for the calculation of static and dynamic data of Beech, Fir, Oak, Spruce, Austrian, Aleppo, Brutian and Scots Pine and Cypress forest stands. User Manual. National Agricultural Research Foundation, Institute of Mediterranean Ecosystems & Forest Products Technology, Athens, Greece.
Gscholar
(4)
Barford CC, Steven C, Wofsy SC, Goulden ML, Munger JW, Pyle EH, Urbanski SP, Hutyra L, Saleska SR, Fitzjarrald D, Moore K (2001)Factors controlling long- and short-term sequestration of atmospheric CO
2 in a mid-latitude forest. Science 294: 1688-1691.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(5)
Barbati A, Corona P, Marchetti M (2007)A forest typology for monitoring sustainable forest management: the case of European Forest Types. Plant Biosystems 1: 93-103.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(6)
Barbati A, Salvati R, Ferrari B, Di Santo D, Quatrini A, Portoghesi L, Travaglini D, Iovino F, Nocentini S (2012)Assessing and promoting old-growthness of forest stands: lessons from research in Italy. Plant Biosystems 146: 167-174.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(7)
Bauhus J, Puetmann K, Messier C (2009)Silviculture for old-growth attributes. Forest Ecology and Management 258: 525-537.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(8)
Bengtsson J, Nilsson S, Franc A, Menozzi P (2000)Biodiversity, disturbances, ecosystem function and management of European forests. Forest Ecology and Management 132: 39-50.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(9)
Berg A, Ehnstrom B, Gustafsson L, Hallingback T, Jonsell M, Weslien J (1994)Threatened plant, animal, and fungus species in Swedish forests: distribution and habitat associations. Conservation Biology 8 (3): 718-731.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(10)
BMVEL (2007)Die zweite Bundeswaldinventur - BWI² - Das Wichtigste in Kürze [The second German Forest Inventory - BWI
2 - the most important facts]. Bundesministerium für Verbraucherschutz, Ernährung und Landwirtschaft ed, Bonn, Germany, pp. 87.
Gscholar
(11)
Boch S, Prati D, Müller J, Socher S, Baumbach H, Buscot F, Gockel S, Hemp A, Hessenmöller D, Kalko EK, Linsenmair KE, Pfeiffer S, Pommer U, Schöning I, Schulze ED, Seilwinder C, Weisser WW, Wells K, Fischer M (2013)High plant species richness indicates management-related disturbances rather than the conservation status of forests. Basic and Applied Ecology 14 (6): 496-505.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(12)
Böhl J, Brändli U-B (2007)Deadwood volume assessment in the third Swiss National Forest Inventory: methods and first results. European Journal of Forest Research 126: 449-457.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(13)
Bolte A, Polley H (2010)Der Wald in Zahlen [The forest in numbers]. In: “Waldeigentum” (Deppenheuer O, Möhring B eds). Springer, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, New York, pp. 57-69.
Gscholar
(14)
Bradfield GE, Scagel A (1984)Correlations among vegetation strata and environmental variables in subalpine spruce-fir forests, southeastern British Columbia. Vegetatio 55: 105-114.
Online |
Gscholar
(15)
Carey ML (1980)Whole tree harvesting in Sitka spruce. Possible implications. Irish Forestry 37: 48-63.
Gscholar
(16)
Castellani C, Scrinzi G, Tabacchi G, Tosi V (1984)Inventario Forestale Nazionale Italiano. Tavole di cubatura a doppia entrata [Italian national forest inventory. A double-entry tree volume table]. Istituto Sperimentale per l’Assestamento Forestale e per l’Alpicoltura, Trento, Italy, pp. 83.
Gscholar
(17)
Christensen M, Hahn K, Mountford EP, Ódor P, Standovár T, Rozenbergar D, Diaci J, Wijdeven S, Meyer P, Winter S, Vrska T (2005)Dead wood in European beech (
Fagus sylvatica) forest reserves. Forest Ecology and Management 210: 267-282.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(18)
Corona P (2010)Integration of forest inventory and mapping to support forest management. iForest 3: 59-64.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(19)
Corona P, Blasi C, Chirici G, Facioni L, Fattorini L, Ferrari B (2010)Monitoring and assessing old-growth forest stands by plot sampling. Plant Biosystems 144: 171-179.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(20)
Corona P, Chirici G, McRoberts RE, Winter S, Barbati A (2011)Contribution of large-scale forest inventories to biodiversity assessment and monitoring. Forest Ecology and Management 262: 2061-2069.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(21)
De Vries W, Vel EM, Reinds GJ, Deelstra H, Klap JM, Leeters EEJM, Hendriks CMA, Kerkvoorden M, Landmann G, Herkendell J, Erisman JW (2003)Intensive monitoring of forest ecosystems in Europe. Objectives, set-up and evaluation strategy. Forest Ecology and Management 174: 77-95.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(22)
Dobbertin M, Neumann M (2010)Tree growth. In: “ICP Forests: Manual on methods and criteria for harmonized sampling, assessment, monitoring and analysis of the effects of air pollution on forests. Part V. Tree growth”. UNECE-ICP Forests, Hamburg, Germany, pp. 29.
Online |
Gscholar
(23)
EEA (2006)European forest types. Categories and types for sustainable forest management reporting and policy. EEA Technical Report No. 9/2006, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 114.
Online |
Gscholar
(24)
Ellenberg H (1971)Integrated experimental ecology. Methods and result of ecosystem research in the German Solling project. Ecological Studies 2: 1-214.
Gscholar
(25)
Emborg J, Christensen M, Heilmann-Clausen J (2000)The structural dynamics of Suserup Skov, a near-natural temperate deciduous forest in Denmark. Forest Ecology and Management 126: 173-189.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(26)
Fahy O, Gormally M (1998)A comparison of plant and carabid beetle communities in an Irish oak woodland with a nearby conifer plantation and clearfelled site. Forest Ecology and Management 110: 263-273.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(27)
Fischer R, Dobbertin M, Granke O, Karoles K, Köhl M, Kraft P, Meyer P, Mues V, Lorenz M, Nagel HD, Seidling W (2006)The condition of forests in Europe. 2006 Executive Report. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Hamburg, Germany, pp. 33.
Gscholar
(28)
Fischer R, Granke O, Chirici G, Meyer P, Seidling W, Stofer S, Corona P, Marchetti M, Travaglini D (2009)Background, main results and conclusions from a test phase for biodiversity assessment on intensive forest monitoring plots in Europe. iForest 2: 67-74.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(29)
ForestBIOTA (2005)Stand structure assessments including deadwood within the EU/ICP Forests biodiversity test-phase (ForestBIOTA). ForestBIOTA - a forest biodiversity monitoring project developed by 10 European countries, Thünen Institute ed, Braunschweig, Germany, pp. 17.
Online |
Gscholar
(30)
Fortin MJ, Dale M (2005)Spatial analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 380.
Gscholar
(31)
Frank D, Finckh M, Wirth C (2009)Impact of land use on habitat functions of old-growth forests and their biodiversity. In: “Old-Growth Forests: Function, Fate and Value” (Wirth C, Gleixner G, Heimann M eds). Ecological Studies vol. 207, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 429-450.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(32)
Fridman J, Walheim M (2000)Amount, structure, and dynamics of dead wood on managed forestland in Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management 131: 23-36.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(33)
Füldner K (1995)Strukturbeschreibung von Buchen-Edellaubholz-Mischwäldern [Structure description of mixed stands of beech and deciduous hardwoods]. Cuvillier-Verlag, Göttingen, Germany, pp. 146.
Gscholar
(34)
Geburek T, Milasowszky N, Frank G, Konrad H, Schadauer K (2010)The Austrian forest biodiversity index: all in one. Ecological Indicators 10 (3): 753-761.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(35)
Gerell R (1998)Faunal diversity and vegetation structure of some deciduous forests in South Sweden. Holarctic Ecology 11: 87-95.
Gscholar
(36)
Giordania P, Calatayud V, Stofer S, Seidling W, Granke O, Fischer R (2014)Detecting the nitrogen critical loads on European forests by means of epiphytic lichens. A signal-to-noise evaluation. Forest Ecology and Management 311: 29-40.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(37)
Gonzáles-Moreno P, Quero JL, Poorter L, Bonet FJ, Zamora R (2011)Is spatial structure the key to promote plant diversity in Mediterranean forest plantations? Basic and Applied Ecology 12: 251-259.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(38)
Green P, Peterken GF (1997)Variation in the amount of deadwood in the woodlands of the Lower Wye Valley, UK in relation to the intensity of management. Forest Ecology and Management 98: 229-238.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(39)
Guby NAB, Dobbertin M (1996)Quantitative estimates of coarse wooded debris and standing trees in selected Swiss forests. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 5: 327-341.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(40)
Hagan JM, Grove SL (1999)Coarse woody debris. Journal of Forestry 97: 6-11.
Gscholar
(41)
Hahn K, Christensen M (2004)Dead wood in European forest reserves - a reference for forest management. EFI Proceedings 51: 181-191.
Gscholar
(42)
Hara T (1988)Dynamics of size structure in plant populations. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 3: 129-133.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(43)
Harmon ME (2009)Woody detritus mass and its contribution to carbon dynamics of old-growth forests: the temporal context. In: “Old-Growth Forests: Function, Fate and Value” (Wirth C, Gleixner G, Heimann M eds). Ecological Studies vol. 207, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 159-190.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(44)
Harmon ME, Franklin JF, Swanson FJ, Sollins P, Gregory SV, Lattin JD, Anderson NH, Cline SP, Aumen NG, Sedell JR, Lienkaemper GW, Cromack K, Cummins KW (1986)Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in Ecological Research 15: 133-302.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(45)
Hermy M (1988)Correlation between forest layers in mixed deciduous forests in Flanders (Belgium). In: “Diversity and pattern in plant communities” (During HJ, Werger MJA, Willemsa HJ eds). SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands, pp. 77-86.
Gscholar
(46)
Herrero C, Krankina O, Monleon J, Bravo F (2013)Amount and distribution of coarse woody debris in pine ecosystems of north-western Spain, Russia and the United States. iForest 7: 53-60.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(47)
Hetsch S (2009)Potential sustainable wood supply in Europe. Geneva Timber and Forest Discussion Paper 52, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 44.
Gscholar
(48)
Hinsley SA, Hill RA, Gaveau DLA, Bellany PE (2002)Quantifying woodland structure and habitat quality for birds using airborne laser scanning. Functional Ecology 16: 851-857.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(49)
Humphrey JW, Davey S, Peace AJ, Ferris R, Harding K (2002)Lichens and bryophyte communities of planted and semi-natural forests in Britain: the influence of site type, stand structure and deadwood. Biological Conservation 107 (2): 165-180.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(50)
Hunter ML (1990)Wildlife, forests, and forestry: principles of managing forests for biological diversity. Prentice and Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, pp. 270.
Gscholar
(51)
ICP Forests (2010)Manual on methods and criteria for harmonized sampling, assessment, monitoring and analysis of the effects of air pollution on forests. UNECE ICP Forests, Hamburg, Germany.
Online |
Gscholar
(52)
Illian J, Penttinen A, Stoyan H, Stoyan D (2008)Statistical analysis and modelling of spatial point patterns. Wiley & Sons, Chichester, USA, pp. 560.
Gscholar
(53)
Jolliffe IT (2002)Principal component analysis (2nd edn). Springer, New York, USA, pp. 487.
Gscholar
(54)
Jonsell M, Nittérus K, Stighäll K (2004)Saproxylic beetles in natural and man-made deciduous high stumps retained for conservation. Biological Conservation 118 (2): 163-173.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(55)
Keeton WS (2006)Managing for late-successional/old-growth characteristics in northern hardwood-conifer forests. Forest Ecology and Management 235: 129-142.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(56)
Kirby KJ, Reid CM, Thomas RC, Goldsmith FB (1998)Preliminary estimates of fallen deadwood and standing dead trees in managed and unmanaged forests in Britain. Journal of Applied Ecology 35: 148-155.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(57)
Klap JM, Oude Voshaar JH, de Vries W, Erisman JW (2000)Effects of environmental stress on forest crown condition in Europe. Part IV: Statistical analysis of relationships. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 119: 387-420.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(58)
Kublin E (2003)Einheitliche Beschreibung der Schaftform - Methoden und Programme -BDATPro [A Uniform Description of Stem Profiles - Methods and Programs - BDATPro]. Forstw Cbl 122: 183-200.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(59)
Laasasenaho J (1982)Taper curve and volume equations for pine, spruce and birch. Commun Inst For Fenn 108: 1-74.
Gscholar
(60)
Lähde E, Laiho O, Norokorpi Y, Saksa T (1994)Structure and yield of all-sized and even-sized conifer-dominated stands on fertile sites. Annals of Forest Science 51: 97-109.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(61)
Larsson TB (2001)Biodiversity evaluation tools for European forests. Ecological Bulletins, vol. 50, Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 240.
Gscholar
(62)
Linder P (1998)Structural changes in two virgin boreal forest stands in central Sweden over 72 years. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 13 (1-4): 451-461.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(63)
Linder P, Elfving B, Zackrisson O (1997)Stand structure and successional trends in virgin boreal forest reserves in Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management 98: 17-33.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(64)
Liu Q (1995)A model for species diversity monitoring at community level and its applications. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 34 (3): 271-287.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(65)
Lombardi F, Chirici G, Marchetti M, Tognetti R, Lasserre B, Corona P, Barbati A, Ferrari B, Di Paolo S, Giuliarelli D, Mason F, Iovino F, Nicolaci A, Bianchi L, Maltoni A, Travaglini D (2010)Deadwood in forest stands close to old-growthness under Mediterranean conditions in the Italian peninsula. L’Italia Forestale e Montana 5: 481-504.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(66)
Mackensen J, Bauhus J, Webber E (2003)Decomposition rates of coarse woody debris - A review with particular emphasis on Austratian tree species. Australian Journal of Botany 51: 27-27.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(67)
Magurran AE (2004)Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell Sciences, Oxford, UK, pp. 215.
Gscholar
(68)
Martikainen P, Siitonen J, Punttila P, Kaila L, Rauh J (2000)Species richness of Coleoptera in mature managed and old-growth boreal forests in southern Finland. Biological Conservation 94 (2): 199-209.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(69)
Mason WL, Connolly T, Pommerening A, Edwards C (2007)Spatial structure of semi-natural and plantation stands of Scots pine (
Pinus sylvestris L.) in northern Scotland. Forestry 80: 567-586.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(70)
McCune B, Antos JA (1981)Correlations between forest layers in the Swan Valley, Montana. Ecology 62: 1196-1204.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(71)
McElhinny C, Gibbons P, Brack C, Bauhus J (2005)Forest and woodland stand structural complexity: its definition and measurement. Forest Ecology and Management 218: 1-24.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(72)
McElhinny C, Gibbons P, Brack C (2006)An objective and quantitative methodology for constructing an index of stand structural complexity. Forest Ecology and Management 235: 54-24.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(73)
MCPFE (2003)State of Europe’s Forests 2003 - The MCPFE reports on sustainable forest management in Europe. Vienna, Austria, pp. 115.
Online |
Gscholar
(74)
McRoberts RE, Winter S, Chirici G, Hauk E, Pelz DR, Moser WK, Hatfield MS (2008)Large-scale spatial patterns of forest structural diversity. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38 (3): 429-438.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(75)
McRoberts RE, Tomppo E, Schadauer K, Vidal C, Stahl G, Chirici G, Lanz A, Cienciala E, Winter S, Smith WB (2009)Harmonizing national forest inventories. Journal of Forestry 107: 179-187.
Gscholar
(76)
Meyer P, Schmidt M (2011)Accumulation of dead wood in abandoned beech (
Fagus sylvatica L.) forests in northwestern Germany. Forest Ecology and Management 261: 342-352.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(77)
Mikusinski G, Angelstam P (1997)European woodpeckers and anthropogenic habitat change: a review. Vogelwelt 118: 277-283.
Gscholar
(78)
Montes F, Cañellas I (2006)Modelling coarse woody debris dynamics in even-aged Scots pine forests. Forest Ecology and Management 221: 220-232.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(79)
Motz K, Sterba H, Pommerening A (2010)Sampling measures of tree diversity. Forest Ecology and Management 260: 1985-1996.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(80)
Müller J, Hothorn T, Pretzsch H (2007)Long-term effects of logging intensity on structures, birds, saproxylic beetles, and wood-inhabiting fungi in stands of European
Fagus sylvatica L. Forest Ecology and Management 242: 297-305.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(81)
Müller J, Moning C, Bässler C, Heurich M, Brandl R (2009)Using airborne laser scanning to model potential abundance and assemblages of forest passerines. Basic and Applied Ecology 10 (7): 671-681.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(82)
Neumann M, Starlinger F (2001)The significance of different indices for stand structure and diversity in forests. Forest Ecology and Management 145: 91-106.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(83)
Oehmichen K (2007)Erfassung der Totholzmasse - Zusammenstellung von Verfahrensansätzen und Bewertung ihrer Eignung für massenstatistische Erhebungen [Recording dead wood amount - compilation of methods and benchmarking its applicability for large-scale surveys]. Arbeitsbericht des Instituts für Forstökologie und Waldinventuren 1/2007.
Online |
Gscholar
(84)
Ódor P, Standovár T (2001)Richness of bryophyte vegetation in a near-natural and managed beech stands: the effects of management-induced differences in deadwood. Ecological Bulletins 49: 219-229.
Online |
Gscholar
(85)
Ódor P, Heilmann-Clausen M, Christensen M, Aude E, van Dort KW, Piltaver A, Siller I, Veerkamp MT, Walleyn R, Standovár T, van Hees AFM, Kosec J, Matočec N, Kraigher H, Grebenc T (2006)Diversity of dead wood inhabiting fungi and bryophytes in semi-natural beech forests in Europe. Biological Conservation 131: 58-71.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(86)
Økland T, Rydgren K, Økland RH, Storaunet KO, Rolstad J (2003)Variation in environmental conditions, understorey species number, abundance and composition among natural and managed
Picea abies forest stands. Forest Ecology and Management 177: 17-37.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(87)
Overton JC, Young TC, Overton WS (1993)Using “found” data to augment a probability sample: procedure and case study. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 26: 65-83.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(88)
Pacala SW, Deutschman DH (1995)Details that matter: the spatial distribution of individual trees maintains forest ecosystem function. Oikos 74: 357-365.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(89)
Paillet Y, Bergès L, Hjältén J, Ódor P, Avon C, Bernhardt-Römermann M, Bijlsma RJ, de Bruyn L, Fuhr M, Grandin U, Kanka R, Lundin L, Luque S, Magura T, Matesanz S, Mészáros I, Sebastià MT, Schmidt W, Standovár T, Tóthmérész B, Uotila A, Valladares F, Vellak K, Virtanen R (2010)Biodiversity differences between managed and unmanaged forests: meta-analysis of species richness in Europe. Conservation Biology 24: 101-112.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(90)
Patil GP, Taillie C (1982)Diversity as a concept and its measurement. Journal of the American Statistical Association 77: 548-567.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(91)
Pignatti G, De Natale F, Gasparini P, Paletto A (2009)Deadwood in Italian forests according to National Forest Inventory results. Forest@ 6 (1): 365-375. [in Italian with English abstract]
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(92)
Pommerening A (2002)Approaches to quantifying forest structure. Forestry 75: 305-324.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(93)
Pretzsch H (2003)Diversität und Produktivität von Wäldern [Diversity and productivity of forests]. Allg Forst- u Jagdztg 174: 88-97.
Gscholar
(94)
Pretzsch H (2005)Stand density and growth of Norway spruce (
Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and European beech (
Fagus sylvatica L.): evidence from long-term experimental plots. European Journal of Forest Research 124: 193-205.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(95)
Raymond LR, Hardy LM (1991)Effects of a clearcut on a population of the mole salamander (
Ambystoma talpoideum) in an adjacent unaltered forest. Journal of Herpetology 25: 509-512.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(96)
Ranius T, Ekvall H, Jonsson M, Bostedt G (2005)Cost-efficiency of measure to increase the amount of coarse woody debris in managed Norway spruce forest. Forest Ecology and Management 206: 119-133.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(97)
Ripley BD (1987)Spatial point pattern analysis in ecology. In: “Development in numerical ecology” (Legendre P, Legendre L eds) . NATO ASI Series G14, Springer, Germany, pp. 407-429.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(98)
Rondeux J, Bertini R, Bastrup-Birk A, Corona P, Latte N, McRoberts RE, Ståhl G, Winter S, Chirici G (2012)Assessing deadwood using harmonized national forest inventory data. Forest Science 58: 269-283.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(99)
Rouvinen S, Kuuluvainen T (2005)Tree diameter distribution in natural and managed old
Pinus sylvestris-dominated forests. Forest Ecology and Management 208: 45-61.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(100)
Rubin BD, Manion PD, Faber-Langendoen D (2006)Diameter distributions and structural sustainability in forests. Forest Ecology and Management 222: 427-438.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(101)
Schaetzl RJ, Burns SF, Johnson DL, All TW (1989)Tree uprooting: review on impacts on forest ecology. Vegetatio 79: 165-176.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(102)
Schäfer M (2001)Die Beziehung zwischen Waldstruktur und Diversität der Fauna [The relationship between forest structure and diversity of fauna]. Forst und Holz 56: 488-492. [in German]
Gscholar
(103)
Schall P, Ammer C (2013)Quantifying forest stand management intensity in central European forests. European Journal of Forest Research 132: 379-396.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(104)
Schmidt K (2008)Factors shaping the Eurasian lynx (
Lynx lynx) population in the north-eastern Poland. Nature Conservation 65: 3-15.
Gscholar
(105)
Schuck A, Meyer P, Menke N, Lier M, Lindner M (2004)Forest biodiversity indicator: deadwood - a proposed approach towards operationalising the MCPFE indicator. In: “Monitoring and indicators of forest biodiversity in Europe - from ideas to operationality” (Marchetti M ed). EFI proceedings 51: 49-77.
Gscholar
(106)
Schulze ED, Hessenmoeller D, Knohl A, Luyssaert S, Boerner A, Grace J (2009)Temperate and boreal old-growth forests: how do their growth dynamics and biodiversity differ from young stands and managed forests? Ecological Studies 207: 343-366.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(107)
Seidling W, Fischer R (2006)ForestBIOTA: first approaches towards integrated evaluations of project data. Work Report.
Online |
Gscholar
(108)
Siitonen J (2001)Forest management, coarse woody debris and saproxylic organisms: Fennoscandian boreal forests as an example. Ecological Bulletins 49: 11-42.
Online |
Gscholar
(109)
Siitonen J, Martikainen P, Punttila P, Rauh J (2000)Coarse woody debris and stand characteristics in mature managed and old-growth boreal mesic forests in southern Finland. Forest Ecology and Management 128: 211-225.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(110)
Spies TA, Franklin JF (1991)The structure of natural young, mature, and old growth Douglas-fir forests in Oregon and Washington. In: “Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests” (Ruggiero LF, Aubry KB, Carey AB, Huff MH eds). PNW-GTR 285, Pacific Northwest Station, USDA Forest Service, Portland, OR, USA, pp. 91-110.
Online |
Gscholar
(111)
Stümer W, Köhl M (2005)Kombination von terrestrischen Aufnahmen und Fernerkundungsdaten mit Hilfe der k-Nächste-Nachbarn-Methode zur Klassifizierung und Kartierung von Wäldern [A combination of terrestrial recordings and data from remote sensing for classifying and mapping forests by the k-nearest neighbour method]. Photogrammetrie Fernerkundung Geoinformation 1: 23-36.
Gscholar
(112)
Szewczyk J, Szwagrzyk J (1996)Tree regeneration on rotten wood and on soil in old-growth stand. Vegetatio 122: 37-46.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(113)
Tilman D (1988)Plant strategies and the dynamics and structure of plant communities. Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA, pp. 356.
Online |
Gscholar
(114)
Tilman D (1999)The ecological consequences of changes in biodiversity: a search for general principles. Ecology 80: 455-474.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(115)
Tóthmérész B (1998)On the characterization of scale-dependent diversity. Abstracta Botanica 22: 49-156.
Gscholar
(116)
Travaglini D, Barbati A, Chirici G, Lombardi F, Marchetti M, Corona P (2007)ForestBIOTA data on deadwood monitoring in Europe. Plant Biosystems 2: 222-230.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(117)
von Lührte A, Seidling W (1993)Small neglected stands - an opportunity to study forest dynamics. In: “European Forest Reserves” (Broeckmeyer MEA, Vos W, Koop H eds). Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 173-183.
Gscholar
(118)
von Oheimb G, Westphal C, Härdtle H (2007)Diversity and spatio-temporal dynamics of dead wood in a temperate near-natural beech forest (
Fagus sylvatica). European Journal of Forest Research 126: 359-370.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(119)
Weggler K, Dobbertin M, Jüngling E, Kaufmann E, Thürig E (2012)Dead wood volume to dead wood carbon: the issue of conversion factors. European Journal of Forest Research 131 (5): 1423-1438.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(120)
Winter S (2006)Naturnähe-Indikatoren für Tiefland-Buchenwälder [Naturalness indicators for lowland beech forests]. Forstarchiv 77: 94-101.
Gscholar
(121)
Winter S, Chirici G, McRoberts RE, Hauk E, Tomppe E (2008)Possibilities for harmonizing national forest inventory data for use in forest biodiversity assessments. Forestry 81: 33-44.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(122)
Wirth C, Messier C, Bergeron Y, Frank D, Frankhänel A (2009)Old-growth forest definitions: a pragmatic view. Ecological Studies 209: 11-33.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(123)
Woodall CW, Verkerk H, Rondeaux J, Stahl G (2009)Who’s counting dead wood? EFI News 2: 12-13.
Gscholar
(124)
Zuur AF, Ieno EN, Smith GM (2007)Analysing ecological data. Springer, New York, USA, pp. 667.
Gscholar
