Ten juvenile
Since 1992, a severe dieback of common ash (
Studies in natural stands, clonal seed orchards and progeny trials in a number of European countries provide evidence of existing substantial genetic variation at individual, clonal, family and population levels in the susceptibility of
Two strategies of plant adaptation can be distinguished: (i) adaptation
A phenotypic response can be adaptive when it enhances plant fitness in a changed environment (
The main aim of the present study was to assess the susceptibility of ten juvenile
Ten half-sib families of
In early May 2014, ash juveniles to be used for spring frost, summer drought and control treatments were randomly selected among the 600 four-year-old potted trees, according to the available number of trees in groups of different health conditions (scored from 1 - tree with dry stem and branches - to 5 - externally healthy tree, modified from
On May 16, 2014, a batch of 200 trees assigned for the simulated spring frost treatment was placed in a PE2422UVLX climatic chamber (Angelantoni Test Technologies, Massa Martana, Italy). The temperature in the climatic chamber was first gradually (in one hour) reduced from +20 oC to -5 oC, then held at -5 oC for 30 minutes, and finally was gradually (in one hour) raised back to +20 oC. After this cycle, trees were taken out of the climatic chamber and further grown outdoors for one vegetation season in the forest nursery of Dubrava EESFE. Watering was applied when needed depending on weather conditions. During the applied spring frost treatment, leaves of the ash seedlings became black and wilted. New leaves flushed and shoots resprouted from adventitious latent buds on almost all terminal and lateral shoots in two weeks (by the end of May 2014).
Concurrently, batches of seedlings assigned to the control and summer drought treatments were moved from the greenhouse to the outdoor nursery and placed next to the spring frost-treated seedlings. Watering was applied equally to all seedlings when needed, depending on weather conditions. On June 20, 2014, a batch of 200 trees assigned for the summer drought treatment was transported to the greenhouse, and left there for two weeks without any watering until severe wilting of leaves occurred. During this treatment, the temperature in the greenhouse varied from +25 to +35 oC during day time, and relative air humidity varied between 40-60%. Thereafter, trees were transported back to the outdoor nursery and watered regularly (depending on weather conditions). Leaves regained turgor and shoots regained growth as soon as the watering was applied.
Measurement of tree biometric parameters and scoring of the extent of damage by
The variance analysis of the data was done using the MIXED procedure of the SAS software package (SAS® Analytics Pro 12.1 -
where
The variance components of random effects of families and family by environment (treatment) interaction (
where
The simplified linear model was used for variance analysis of the data from each individual environment (treatment -
where
Genetic parameters: family variance components (
The coefficient of additive genetic variation of a trait was calculated for each individual environment (treatment) using the following formula (
where
where
where
where
To evaluate the stability of individual families across environments (treatments) and the contribution of each of the family plasticity (in percent) to the family by environment (treatment) interaction (
Deviations of families’ treatments least-squares means were calculated by subtracting families’ least-squares means obtained in the MIXED analysis at the individual treatments from total least-squares means of treatments. Phenotypic plasticity of each family was estimated as the difference between maximum and minimum least-squares means obtained for different treatments.
Families’ least-squares means from MIXED analysis at the individual environments (treatments) were regressed on environment (treatment) least-squares means to estimate the reaction norms of individual families over environments (treatments) according to
No families were completely resistant and free from disease (
Mean disease incidence ratio in all three batches of ash seedlings was high (0.77-0.81) already before the treatments (assessed on May 5, 2014), and after the treatments (assessed on September 3, 2014) the disease incidence increased up to 0.90-0.95 (
A similar trend was observed also for the damage of individual trees and tree survival ratio within the tested families: rather low health condition scores recorded before the treatments (on May 5, 2014) further declined (mostly due to a large number of seedlings that died) following the treatments (by September 3, 2014 -
Good health condition (score = 4.33 and 4.00 points) and very high seedling survival rates (1.00 and 0.92) following respective spring frost and summer drought treatments again were found in family Z049 (
It must be pointed out that the two most resistant families, Z049 and Z061, had the earliest bud flushing in spring 2014 (mean family scores = 3.54 and 3.46, respectively), while the latest flushing families B069 and B072 (mean family scores = 1.60 and 1.77, respectively) were of comparably low resistance (
Significant effects (
The total length of necrotic lesions on ash seedlings has decreased following frost and drought treatments; it has decreased also in non-treated (control) seedlings (
As two different aspects of resistance have to be estimated, resistance to infection and resistance to disease spread/development within a tree after infection, for the evaluation of genetic resistance to disease of each tested family or clone at juvenile age in tree breeding we would recommend to compute breeding index composed from indexes of disease incidence (to characterize the resistance to infection) and indexes of length of necrotic lesions and length of dry leader and lateral shoots (to characterize the resistance to disease spread within trees after the infection occurs), as well as index of survival rate. This would be a more correct and precise alternative to visual scoring of health condition.
Despite the observed between-population differences in disease resistance traits, joint ANOVA of individual tree data has not revealed a significant population effect for any of the traits studied (data not presented). This is in a good agreement with results reported by
Joint ANOVA revealed significant family effects (
ANOVA performed on data separately for each treatment (
For disease incidence trait, family variance components also largely increased following spring frost and summer drought treatments, although
Family variance components for the length of necrotic part of leader shoot increased also both following spring frost and summer drought treatments from low and non-significant estimates before treatments to very high estimates after treatments (
Genetic parameters for the total length of necrotic lateral shoots increased (by September 2014) in the control environment and following spring frost treatment, while they decreased following summer drought treatment (
B-Type genetic correlations among family means of health condition scores recorded following all treatments (assessed on September 3, 2014) were moderate to high (
Even though the low family by treatment interaction (
Significant (
No generalizations can be made on general plasticity of families, as their performance in terms of different disease damage traits was quite different. In general, high plasticity in disease resistance traits should be considered non-adaptive as it reflects a deterioration in plant health condition and fitness.
None of the tested
In general, health condition scores and seedling survival ratio showed rather strong positive correlations with the bud flushing phenology scores, in that early-flushing clones are less susceptible to disease caused by
Simulated stress conditions may noticeably contribute to expression of the tree traits which are used to rank tested ash individuals, families or populations for their susceptibility to the dieback. Subsequently, this should enable a better evaluation of the performance of different families, effective family selection, and achievement of a marked genetic gain. High heritability coefficients obtained indicate that stressed environment conditions aid in the detection of resistant tree genotypes by their phenotype for recruiting individuals within families for crossing.
The study was financially supported by the Research Council of Lithuania (project No. MIP-040/2012 - UOSIS 2012-2014). Sincere thanks to nursery staff of the Dubrava Experimental-Educational State Forest Enterprise for assistance in raising seedlings. We are grateful to anonymous reviewers for their comments and constructive advices.
Disease incidence (a-c), health condition (d-f) and tree survival (g-i) estimates for ten tested
Length of necrotic leader shoot (a-c), total length of necrotic shoots (d-f) and total length of necrotic lesions (g-i) in ten tested
Mean values ± standard error of different trait estimates in ten tested
Familycode | Treatment | Disease incidence, ratio | Health condition score, points | Survivalratio | Length of necrotic top shoot, cm | Length of necrotic lateral shoots, cm | Length of necrotic lesions, cm | Bud flushing phenology, pt | Tree height,cm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B069 | CONTROL | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 1.70 ± 0.23 | 0.40 ± 0.11 | 104.00 ± 0.00 | 26.13 ± 3.88 | 6.25 ± 1.01 | 1.30 ± 0.15 | 111.50 ± 2.37 |
FROST | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 1.40 ± 0.11 | 0.40 ± 0.11 | 67.33 ± 2.74 | 42.25 ± 8.44 | 38.00 ± 18.48 | 1.30 ± 0.15 | 94.00 ± 3.04 | |
DROUGHT | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 1.60 ± 0.21 | 0.40 ± 0.11 | 66.50 ± 14.15 | 47.75 ± 9.84 | 10.50 ± 2.02 | 2.20 ± 0.30 | 101.50 ± 3.95 | |
B072 | CONTROL | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 2.50 ± 0.28 | 0.70 ± 0.11 | 37.00 ± 4.62 | 13.92 ± 2.24 | 6.25 ± 1.40 | 1.60 ± 0.28 | 102.00 ± 3.03 |
FROST | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 2.20 ± 0.23 | 0.70 ± 0.11 | 50.38 ± 7.67 | 43.57 ± 7.06 | 10.63 ± 2.13 | 1.80 ± 0.25 | 98.14 ± 4.53 | |
DROUGHT | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 2.30 ± 0.29 | 0.60 ± 0.11 | 38.00 ± 9.22 | 58.25 ± 13.56 | 15.71 ± 6.21 | 1.90 ± 0.24 | 93.83 ± 4.47 | |
B076 | CONTROL | 0.91 ± 0.06 | 2.36 ± 0.23 | 0.91 ± 0.06 | 55.43 ± 3.11 | 30.97 ± 6.80 | 7.71 ± 1.01 | 2.55 ± 0.30 | 90.40 ± 2.48 |
DROUGHT | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 2.40 ± 0.29 | 0.60 ± 0.11 | 39.33 ± 4.60 | 33.83 ± 6.43 | 1.83 ± 0.53 | 3.00 ± 0.34 | 97.17 ± 3.49 | |
FROST | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 2.00 ± 0.23 | 0.67 ± 0.11 | 41.40 ± 5.60 | 51.17 ± 9.81 | 7.63 ± 1.32 | 3.00 ± 0.36 | 82.33 ± 6.06 | |
B078 | CONTROL | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 1.40 ± 0.18 | 0.20 ± 0.09 | 39.00 ± 0.00 | 62.75 ± 0.72 | - | 1.80 ± 0.32 | 90.00 ± 1.73 |
FROST | 0.90 ± 0.07 | 2.20 ± 0.25 | 0.80 ± 0.09 | 48.75 ± 8.74 | 40.29 ± 8.38 | 30.67 ± 7.68 | 2.00 ± 0.36 | 80.88 ± 4.28 | |
DROUGHT | 0.90 ± 0.07 | 2.20 ± 0.32 | 0.50 ± 0.12 | 49.33 ± 7.59 | 31.83 ± 12.32 | 19.00 ± 0.00 | 1.80 ± 0.29 | 92.20 ± 4.14 | |
B080 | CONTROL | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 2.11 ± 0.31 | 0.44 ± 0.12 | 7.00 ± 0.00 | 12.25 ± 2.88 | 29.00 ± 0.00 | 2.67 ± 0.38 | 89.50 ± 6.36 |
DROUGHT | 0.93 ± 0.05 | 2.64 ± 0.27 | 0.64 ± 0.09 | 40.25 ± 1.01 | 25.25 ± 5.38 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 3.14 ± 0.35 | 77.78 ± 4.08 | |
FROST | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 2.29 ± 0.24 | 0.86 ± 0.10 | 30.25 ± 2.46 | 74.50 ± 3.18 | 34.00 ± 12.70 | 4.29 ± 0.19 | 78.50 ± 4.82 | |
Z049 | CONTROL | 0.89 ± 0.08 | 3.00 ± 0.32 | 0.78 ± 0.10 | 33.00 ± 0.00 | 23.75 ± 4.50 | 9.00 ± 0.00 | 3.78 ± 0.30 | 92.43 ± 2.77 |
FROST | 0.44 ± 0.12 | 4.33 ± 0.23 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 7.00 ± 0.00 | 23.13 ± 2.15 | - | 3.33 ± 0.28 | 77.22 ± 2.67 | |
DROUGHT | 0.58 ± 0.10 | 4.00 ± 0.24 | 0.92 ± 0.06 | - | 12.08 ± 3.53 | 9.50 ± 1.91 | 3.50 ± 0.32 | 93.63 ± 3.70 | |
Z053 | CONTROL | 0.90 ± 0.07 | 2.20 ± 0.29 | 0.70 ± 0.11 | 65.75 ± 6.68 | 23.40 ± 5.55 | 25.50 ± 12.99 | 2.40 ± 0.29 | 88.57 ± 5.14 |
FROST | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 2.67 ± 0.23 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 32.88 ± 4.67 | 28.94 ± 4.61 | 5.75 ± 1.01 | 2.78 ± 0.32 | 90.89 ± 4.69 | |
DROUGHT | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 2.27 ± 0.23 | 0.73 ± 0.10 | 22.20 ± 5.09 | 20.50 ± 8.08 | 10.75 ± 2.00 | 3.09 ± 0.39 | 74.00 ± 4.80 | |
Z054 | CONTROL | 0.90 ± 0.07 | 2.70 ± 0.33 | 0.70 ± 0.11 | 21.00 ± 0.00 | 24.67 ± 3.52 | 8.00 ± 3.46 | 2.00 ± 0.31 | 80.43 ± 4.99 |
FROST | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 2.70 ± 0.25 | 0.80 ± 0.09 | 23.67 ± 4.36 | 31.19 ± 3.20 | - | 2.80 ± 0.35 | 93.13 ± 5.08 | |
DROUGHT | 0.70 ± 0.11 | 3.00 ± 0.34 | 0.80 ± 0.09 | 17.25 ± 3.03 | 30.30 ± 9.38 | 13.00 ± 0.00 | 2.80 ± 0.40 | 97.13 ± 4.09 | |
Z060 | CONTROL | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 2.36 ± 0.23 | 0.82 ± 0.08 | 66.10 ± 5.49 | 42.11 ± 4.71 | 4.00 ± 0.00 | 3.36 ± 0.23 | 99.89 ± 5.80 |
FROST | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 2.75 ± 0.28 | 0.88 ± 0.09 | 64.33 ± 7.81 | 75.35 ± 10.37 | 39.00 ± 0.00 | 2.88 ± 0.35 | 90.29 ± 3.78 | |
DROUGHT | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 2.18 ± 0.26 | 0.55 ± 0.11 | 6.25 ± 1.88 | 30.63 ± 5.98 | 17.83 ± 6.56 | 2.27 ± 0.30 | 98.67 ± 2.48 | |
Z061 | CONTROL | 0.90 ± 0.07 | 3.10 ± 0.24 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 30.75 ± 2.77 | 18.86 ± 5.22 | 8.33 ± 1.17 | 3.30 ± 0.33 | 89.40 ± 5.04 |
FROST | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 2.88 ± 0.24 | 0.88 ± 0.09 | 22.17 ± 4.49 | 36.21 ± 7.20 | 44.00 ± 0.00 | 3.50 ± 0.18 | 88.57 ± 4.46 | |
DROUGHT | 0.92 ± 0.06 | 2.75 ± 0.24 | 0.83 ± 0.08 | 38.25 ± 5.62 | 44.11 ± 9.88 | 13.25 ± 6.21 | 3.58 ± 0.26 | 101.00 ± 4.03 |
Results from the mixed linear model (2) analysis of different traits in ten tested
Trait | Treatment | Mean ± se | Family variance component | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P | |||||||
Disease incidence ratio before treatment | CONTROL | 0.77 ± 0.03 | 19.81 ± 11.38 | * | 54.79 | 42.86 | 0.59 ± 0.28 |
FROST | 0.81 ± 0.03 | 24.02 ± 13.28 | * | 48.39 | 41.47 | 0.72 ± 0.31 | |
DROUGHT | 0.80 ± 0.03 | 11.73 ± 7.53 | ns | 50.11 | 29.95 | 0.35 ± 0.20 | |
Disease incidence ratio after treatment | CONTROL | 0.95 ± 0.02 | 0.89 ± 2.81 | ns | 23.00 | 3.76 | 0.03 ± 0.08 |
FROST | 0.93 ± 0.02 | 43.77 ± 22.10 | * | 26.80 | 31.38 | 1.00 ± 0.38 | |
DROUGHT | 0.90 ± 0.02 | 19.58 ± 10.94 | * | 33.41 | 25.82 | 0.59 ± 0.27 | |
Health condition score before treatment, points | CONTROL | 3.40 ± 0.08 | 21.90 ± 12.27 | * | 33.88 | 27.87 | 0.66 ± 0.29 |
FROST | 3.53 ± 0.08 | 26.86 ± 14.51 | * | 29.07 | 26.31 | 0.81 ± 0.33 | |
DROUGHT | 3.31 ± 0.08 | 9.57 ± 6.46 | ns | 37.15 | 20.00 | 0.29 ± 0.18 | |
Health condition score after treatment, points | CONTROL | 2.34 ± 0.09 | 12.92 ± 8.20 | ns | 53.93 | 33.81 | 0.39 ± 0.22 |
FROST | 2.54 ± 0.09 | 35.98 ± 18.60 | * | 47.87 | 50.41 | 1.00 ± 0.37 | |
DROUGHT | 2.53 ± 0.09 | 17.29 ± 9.90 | * | 54.15 | 39.28 | 0.52 ± 0.25 | |
Survival ratio before treatment | CONTROL | 0.98 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - |
FROST | 1.00 ± 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | |
DROUGHT | 0.91 ± 0.02 | - | - | - | - | - | |
Survival ratio after treatment | CONTROL | 0.67 ± 0.03 | 22.93 ± 12.63 | * | 70.36 | 58.98 | 0.69 ± 0.30 |
FROST | 0.79 ± 0.03 | 14.34 ± 8.90 | ns | 51.87 | 34.17 | 0.43 ± 0.24 | |
DROUGHT | 0.66 ± 0.03 | 7.21 ± 5.42 | ns | 71.36 | 33.31 | 0.22 ± 0.15 | |
Length of necroticleader shoot before treatment,cm | CONTROL | 42.33 ± 3.35 | 62.69 ± 40.61 | ns | 47.47 | 68.88 | 1.00 ± 0.46 |
FROST | 48.31 ± 4.16 | - | - | 51.65 | - | - | |
DROUGHT | 37.18 ± 2.93 | 22.61 ± 17.01 | ns | 64.01 | 53.4 | 0.68 ± 0.41 | |
Length of necroticleader shoot after treatment,cm | CONTROL | 51.20 ± 3.14 | 79.36 ± 41.59 | * | 45.08 | 87.76 | 1.00 ± 0.27 |
FROST | 40.18 ± 2.51 | 48.47 ± 28.41 | * | 54.50 | 71.59 | 1.00 ± 0.43 | |
DROUGHT | 35.04 ± 2.89 | 44.25 ± 28.67 | ns | 61.81 | 76.26 | 1.00 ± 0.47 | |
Length of necrotic lateral shoots before treatment, cm | CONTROL | 17.86 ± 1.61 | 20.07 ± 12.93 | ns | 99.70 | 78.17 | 0.60 ± 0.31 |
FROST | 20.16 ± 2.16 | 9.28 ± 7.62 | ns | 117.43 | 62.04 | 0.28 ± 0.23 | |
DROUGHT | 23.88 ± 2.09 | 15.88 ± 11.43 | ns | 101.05 | 70.94 | 0.48 ± 0.27 | |
Length of necrotic lateral shoots after treatment, cm | CONTROL | 26.89 ± 1.93 | 29.31 ± 19.23 | ns | 77.14 | 75.69 | 0.88 ± 0.37 |
FROST | 44.03 ± 2.57 | 29.98 ± 16.93 | * | 66.10 | 63.92 | 0.90 ± 0.36 | |
DROUGHT | 33.24 ± 3.00 | 10.72 ± 8.59 | ns | 97.21 | 55.34 | 0.32 ± 0.24 | |
Length of necroticlesions before treatment, cm | CONTROL | 23.05 ± 1.98 | 7.39 ± 8.75 | ns | 78.74 | 37.23 | 0.22 ± 0.26 |
FROST | 22.54 ± 2.74 | 8.05 ± 9.32 | ns | 105.85 | 52.2 | 0.24 ± 0.28 | |
DROUGHT | 18.38 ± 1.92 | - | - | - | - | - | |
Length of necroticlesions after treatment, cm | CONTROL | 6.88 ± 0.61 | 1.45 ± 11.94 | ns | 50.56 | 10.55 | 0.04 ± 0.63 |
FROST | 7.25 ± 0.75 | 41.12 ± 45.63 | ns | 46.10 | 55.42 | 1.00 ± 0.99 | |
DROUGHT | 9.00 ± 1.19 | 24.49 ± 24.33 | ns | 85.43 | 75.33 | 0.73 ± 0.53 |
Results from joint mixed linear model (1) analysis of variance of traits in ten tested
Trait | Random effects | Fixed effects | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Families | Families × treatment | Treatment | ||||
P | P | F | P | |||
Disease incidence before treatment | 23.24 ± 11.93 | * | - | - | 1.61 | ns |
Disease incidence after treatment | 5.59 ± 9.95 | ns | 19.64 ± 11.19 | * | 0.09 | ns |
Health condition score before treatment | 23.51 ± 12.19 | * | 0.44 ± 2.15 | ns | 1.19 | ns |
Health condition score after treatment | 17.89 ± 11.02 | ns | 5.86 ± 4.68 | ns | 1.20 | ns |
Survival ratio before treatment | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Survival ratio after treatment | 7.03 ± 8.02 | ns | 12.20 ± 7.76 | * | 2.57 | ns |
Length of necrotic leader shoot before treatment | 16.11 ± 21.14 | ns | 9.82 ± 21.69 | ns | 1.81 | ns |
Length of necrotic leader shoot after treatment | 46.34 ± 28.55 | ns | 17.39 ± 12.08 | * | 1.59 | ns |
Length of necrotic lateral shoots before treatment | - | - | 13.02 ± 6.73 | * | 0.19 | ns |
Length of necrotic lateral shoots after treatment | 3.85 ± 11.82 | ns | 25.48 ± 15.71 | * | 7.01 | * |
Length of necrotic lesions before treatment | 3.01 ± 7.13 | ns | 5.03 ± 7.94 | ns | 0.04 | ns |
Length of necrotic lesions after treatment | 20.57 ± 23.74 | ns | - | - | 0.21 | ns |
Tree height after treatment | 5.81 ± 6.85 | ns | 6.09 ± 5.97 | ns | 3.77 | ns |
Results from the joint mixed linear model (1) analysis of variance of traits in ten tested
Trait | Random effects | Fixed effects | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Families | Families × treatment | Treatment | ||||
(%) ± se | P | (%) ± se | P | F | P | |
Disease incidence before treatment | 13.17 ± 7.84 | * | 2.41 ± 3.09 | ns | 0.75 | ns |
Disease incidence after treatment | 5.81 ± 6.25 | ns | 7.55 ± 5.55 | ns | 1.35 | ns |
Health condition score before treatment | 15.02 ± 8.05 | * | - | - | 0.95 | ns |
Health condition score after treatment | 13.74 ± 8.04 | * | 1.84 ± 2.79 | ns | 1.75 | ns |
Survival ratio before treatment | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Survival ratio after treatment | 10.01 ± 7.16 | ns | 4.91 ± 4.23 | ns | 0.02 | ns |
Length of necrotic leader shoot before treatment | 3.20 ± 17.91 | ns | 29.33 ± 21.93 | ns | 0.46 | ns |
Length of necrotic leader shoot after treatment | 13.54 ± 25.71 | ns | 51.49 ± 29.02 | * | 1.53 | ns |
Length of necrotic lateral shoots before treatment | 2.98 ± 9.03 | ns | 14.29 ± 10.74 | ns | 1.87 | ns |
Length of necrotic lateral shoots after treatment | - | - | 14.92 ± 7.89 | * | 1.21 | ns |
Length of necrotic lesions before treatment | 0.66 ± 6.83 | ns | 4.10 ± 8.62 | ns | 1.50 | ns |
Length of necrotic lesions after treatment | - | - | 21.98 ± 17.70 | ns | 1.72 | ns |
Tree height after treatment | 7.20 ± 9.07 | ns | 11.86 ± 8.32 | ns | 0.03 | ns |
B-Type genetic correlations between health condition scores and total lengths of necrotic shoots estimated following spring frost, summer drought and control treatments (estimates made in September 3, 2014) of the ten tested
Trait | Treatment | FROST | DROUGHT |
---|---|---|---|
Health condition score | CONTROL | 0.447 ± 0.118 | 0.642 ± 0.096 |
FROST | - | 0.933 ± 0.017 | |
Length of necrotic lateral shoots | CONTROL | 0.096 ± 0.162 | -0.193 ± 0.183 |
FROST | - | -0.111 ± 0.169 |
Stability characteristics (for the definition see Materials and methods) of the ten tested
Family code | Total Lsmeandeviation | Treatments’ Lsmeans deviations | Phenotypicplasticity | Wrickeecovalence( |
Shukla stability variance | Finlay-Wilkinson parameters | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Frost | Drought | Variance | F | P | Intercept | Slope coefficient | Residual | |||||
B078 | -0.626 | -1.238 | -0.264 | -0.376 | 0.974 | 29.85 | 0.342 | 10.40 | 0.000 | 1.752 | 0.086 | 0.134 | 0.030 |
Z061 | 0.494 | 1.001 | 0.289 | 0.193 | 0.808 | 20.48 | 0.230 | 7.01 | 0.001 | -1.197 | 1.650 | 0.170 | 0.890 |
Z049 | 1.280 | 0.869 | 1.484 | 1.486 | 0.617 | 13.30 | 0.145 | 4.41 | 0.012 | 2.762 | 0.430 | 0.084 | 0.530 |
Z060 | -0.059 | 0.031 | 0.187 | -0.395 | 0.582 | 9.54 | 0.100 | 3.05 | 0.047 | 0.468 | 0.797 | 0.160 | 0.670 |
B072 | -0.109 | 0.211 | -0.264 | -0.273 | 0.483 | 8.08 | 0.082 | 2.51 | 0.081 | -1.251 | 1.439 | 0.053 | 0.950 |
B076 | -0.189 | 0.031 | -0.428 | -0.169 | 0.459 | 5.57 | 0.053 | 1.61 | 0.199 | -1.363 | 1.452 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Z053 | -0.122 | -0.184 | 0.118 | -0.301 | 0.419 | 4.93 | 0.045 | 1.38 | 0.251 | 0.717 | 0.677 | 0.040 | 0.860 |
B080 | -0.138 | -0.301 | -0.194 | 0.082 | 0.383 | 4.11 | 0.036 | 1.09 | 0.338 | 0.050 | 0.928 | 0.076 | 0.860 |
Z054 | 0.357 | 0.474 | 0.146 | 0.451 | 0.328 | 3.54 | 0.029 | 0.88 | 0.416 | -0.515 | 1.335 | 0.009 | 0.990 |
B069 | -0.920 | -0.843 | -0.920 | -0.997 | 0.154 | 0.63 | -0.006 | -0.18 | - | -1.085 | 1.063 | 0.010 | 0.980 |
Stability characteristics (for the definition see Materials and methods) of the ten tested
Family code | Total Lsmeandeviation | Treatments’ Lsmeans deviations | Phenotypicplasticity | Wrickeecovalence( |
Shukla stability variance | Finlay-Wilkinson parameters | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Frost | Drought | Variance | F | P | Intercept | Slope coefficient | Residual | |||||
B078 | 11.74 | 39.98 | -3.02 | -1.74 | 43.00 | 26.08 | 716.2 | 19.53 | 0.000 | 146.14 | -2.786 | 325.95 | 0.590 |
B072 | 5.34 | -14.47 | -0.37 | 30.85 | 45.32 | 23.43 | 640.4 | 27.65 | 0.000 | -140.55 | 5.110 | 49.28 | 0.970 |
B080 | -0.54 | -16.32 | 24.56 | -9.86 | 40.89 | 21.05 | 571.9 | 23.40 | 0.000 | -21.48 | 1.590 | 945.04 | 0.140 |
Z060 | 12.99 | 16.97 | 25.25 | -3.23 | 28.48 | 9.35 | 236.3 | 10.21 | 0.000 | 77.97 | -0.830 | 225.56 | 0.160 |
Z061 | -0.62 | -8.96 | -6.30 | 13.41 | 22.37 | 6.51 | 154.8 | 8.09 | 0.000 | -72.61 | 3.028 | 48.69 | 0.920 |
Z049 | -15.49 | -3.50 | -16.86 | -26.10 | 22.59 | 5.62 | 129.5 | 4.71 | 0.009 | 57.28 | -1.050 | 2.77 | 0.960 |
B069 | 5.20 | -0.85 | -1.44 | 17.89 | 19.33 | 5.27 | 119.3 | 3.25 | 0.039 | -55.15 | 2.700 | 66.30 | 0.870 |
Z053 | -10.59 | -3.89 | -12.17 | -15.72 | 11.83 | 1.60 | 14.1 | 0.67 | 0.509 | 27.49 | -0.073 | 3.69 | 0.080 |
Z054 | -5.49 | -2.48 | -10.36 | -3.63 | 7.88 | 0.78 | -9.3 | -0.40 | - | -1.77 | 0.895 | 35.54 | 0.580 |
B076 | 3.68 | 4.54 | 5.75 | 0.73 | 5.02 | 0.30 | -23.3 | -1.11 | - | 15.94 | 0.654 | 6.48 | 0.800 |